Evolution Of Database Management Systems - 2269 Words

EVOLUTION OF DBMS 1.INTRODUCTION As technology is rapidly emerging and changing, organizations are quickly adapting to it, and with this technology and software advancement includes database management systems. Database management systems have become a crucial tool in every organization. It will be rather more surprising to see a company not using DBMS in this age. As organizations emerge and grow by years, they have numerous data sets to handle and database management systems is a software application which helps organizations perform this mundane task easily. It collects, organizes the databases and also stores and performs functions on the databases making it easier for users to access. Now days, an organization wouldn’t survive without data and information. The way this data is important for an organization, to manage this data is equally important. Database management systems has become a part of every field right from schools, libraries, medical centers, airlines, chemical plants etcetera. With the effe ctive use of database management systems software in organizations, it comes with advantages and disadvantages which will be later explained in the findings section of this paper. The research would concentrate more on how database management system applications have progressed since the past decade. The research objective is to study the evolution of DBMS and learn about the emerging alternative applications for this traditional system. The positive and negative effectsShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Database Management System1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of DBMS A database management system, also known as DBMS, is a type of software that is used in order to create and manage a multitude of databases. Data is the power that runs most modern businesses. This specific program provides a technique for people to use a â€Å"systematic† way to create, retrieve, update, and manage many diverse types of data. DBMS is used to manage three important things, which is data, database engine, and database schema. These different elements help to provideRead MoreComputer Is The Security And Reliability801 Words   |  4 Pageslayer of software so-called operating system runs the whole hardware in accordance with the user commands. The OS is the piece of software which allocates the hardware resources to the processes depending on their priority and usage. It thus protects the hardware components from being used by unwanted processes and safeguarding them in real-time. One of the crucial aspect that highlights when dragging a discussion about hardwa re resources is the Database. A database can be simply defined as the informationRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Data Stored Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, the evolution of how the data stored, combined, analyzed and used to predict the pattern and tendencies of consumers has evolved as technology has seen numerous advancements throughout the past century. In the 1900s databases began as â€Å"computer hard disks† and in 1965, after many other discoveries including voice recognition, â€Å"the US Government plans the world’s first data center to store 742 million tax returns and 175 million sets of fingerprints on magnetic tape.† The evolution of data andRead MoreDatabase Analysis : Database Management System1114 Words   |  5 Pageson database environment and development process. Database is an organized collection of logically related data. It consists of tables, queries, views and other objects. Database management system is a software system used for creating and managing databa ses. It is a collection of programs used to store, modify and extract information from database. It helps users and programmers for creating updating and managing the data in a systematic way. There are many types of database management system rangingRead MoreHcs 533 Study Education on Your Terms/Hcs533Study.Com Essay866 Words   |  4 Pageshealth care environment is constantly changing, new systems arise every day with terminology of their own to reflect the changes. As a health care professional, it is important for you to stay up-to-date with the terminology and its proper use. Define each term in the table below. There’s only one definition for each terminology. -------------------------------------------------------------------- HCS 533 Week 2 Individual Assignment Database Worksheet (2 Set) FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT www.hcs533studyRead MoreThe Effective Managing Of Data1110 Words   |  5 Pagesprocessing (Strasser, 2014). Data management is defined as process of formation and implementation of architectures, policies, practices and methods to deal with information lifecycle requirements of the organization in a successful way (Rouse, n.d.). It is basically a business task that creates and executes the acquisition, control, secure, distribute and improvement of data (Sucha, 2014). Data is an important asset that has a business value. Well-defined data management processes are used for maintainingRead MoreNo Pains No Gains : Distributed Database Solutions1737 Words   |  7 PagesGAINS: DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SOLUTIONS CSC 633 RAJEEV SAGAR REDDY MERUGU. INTRODUCTION: Database management has undergone more than four decades of evolution producing vast range of research and extensive array of technology solutions. The database research community and software industry has responded to numerous challenges resulting from changes in user requirements and opportunities presented by hardware advances. The relational database approach as represented by SQL databases has been particularlyRead MoreGary Dessler Human Resource Management 14th Edition1672 Words   |  7 PagesGary Dessler Human Resource Management 14th Edition.pdf Download Gary Dessler Human Resource Management 14th Edition.PDF Now Gary Dessler Human Resource Management 14th Edition - Are you looking for ebook gary dessler human resource management 14th edition PDF? You will be glad to know that right now gary dessler human resource management 14th edition PDF is available on our online library. With our online resources, you can find gary dessler human resource management 14th edition easily withoutRead MoreEvolution of Data Models1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of Data Models The quest for better data management has led to different models that attempt to resolve the file system’s critical shortcomings. Because each data model evolved from its predecessors, it is essential to examine the major data models in roughly chronological order. 1.1 The Hierarchical Model A Hierarchical Database Model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure. The structure allows representing information using parent/child relationships:Read MoreQuestions On A Enterprise And Community Edition798 Words   |  4 Pagesto fine tune the data manipulation process. Kettle is an ETL tool, which modifies the concept of ETL (Extraction, Transformation, and Loading) to ETTL, which is:- †¢ Data Extraction from source databases. †¢ Transport of the data. †¢ Data Transformation. †¢ Loading of data into a data warehouse. Various databases are supported by Kettle ETL, they are as follows: †¢ Oracle †¢ MySQL †¢ MS Access †¢ IBM DB2 †¢ Sybase †¢ dBase †¢ MS SQL Server The main components are: †¢ Spoon – A graphical tool to create ETL process

Andrew Jackson True American Essay - 1579 Words

Andrew Jackson was the first quot;peoples president†. His humble frontier heritage and heroic title won support throughout the nation. Jackson was in touch with the common man and had respect for him. This for once, allowed the â€Å"people† to have a more dominant role in government, which is something that America prides itself upon today. His Presidency was plagued with controversy, but President Jackson used his power as President to unite a sometimes-divided nation and establish a precedent of power for future American leaders. States rights, the nullification crisis, the spoils system, Indian removal and banking policies were all controversies which brought forth strong rivalry and resentment throughout his years as president, but†¦show more content†¦This is not a time for you to think of repose. Great issues for the future of our country are at issue, and until our course is carried through triumphantly and every species of danger is settled on the most solid foundation, you ought not to withdraw your active force from it†. (Remini pg.119) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; â€Å"Jackson naturally believed he had been instructed to seize Florida. What â€Å"other services† did Monroe have in mind if not the seizure of this territory?†(Remini pg.119) Jackson did not hesitate, and his actions helped to acquire the Florida territory, and he became a provisional governor of Florida that same year. This situation demonstrates the character of this man. Andrew Jackson was a man dedicated to strengthening our country at any cost. He was not one let what others may think of him get in the way of what he knew was best for his country. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Later, Jackson nearly won the presidential campaign of 1824, however due to a quot;corrupt bargainquot; between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay he lost. Over the next four years the current administration built a strong political machine with nationalistic policies and a lack of concern of states rights. Adams also implements the tariff of Abominations, which outraged common merchants and southerners. The 1828 campaign was filled with mud slinging on both sides. John Quincy Adams and his northern supporters went as far as saying thatShow MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson : A Symbol Of The Age Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesWest. Andrew Jackson was the president in the early 1800’s that made a considerable amount of change. Theses changes and action that he was involved in changed America forever, in which gave him the respect from the people of America. He was a symbol for his age, becoming a true historical figure and a hero for the people. He defeated the British and expanded America to unifying and create nationalism for the common people of America. This essay will discuss the ways in which Andrew Jackson is depictedRead MoreEssay about Andrew Jackson: War Hero or Tyrant?653 Words   |  3 PagesAndrew Jackson was, and still is a beloved president to many people. The common person might look at our seventh president as a true war hero, when in fact Andrew Jackson was like a tyrant in many ways. He was the reason for about 7,000 Cherokees deaths, and violated many laws. The only reason Andrew Jackson was not impeached was because the senate did not provide a two thirds vote. When Andrew Jackson first came into office there seemed to be a sort of vengeance about him. A main goal of his wasRead MoreAndrew Jacksons Views Of Jacksonian Democracy1157 Words   |  5 PagesJacksonian Democracy describes the time from when Andrew Jackson became the seventh president of the United States in 1829 till the end of his second term in 1837 (Shi and Tindall, 319). He was the first president that didn’t come from a prominent colonial family. His â€Å"common man† background lead him to being a popular political figure among the common people. This lead to him and his supporters forming America’s democratic party. A democracy is a system of government where the people or citizensRead MoreEssay on Andrew Jackson805 Words   |  4 PagesAndrew Jackson Andrew Jackson greatly revolutionized the role and power of the presidency by uniting the executive branch, altering the perceived face of the President, introducing personal power into the office, and controlled the presidency for a third of a century. Before him, the executive branch was a group divided, unsure of their function and their superiors. Before him, the President was identified with Congress, merely another part of the buearocracy. Before him, the office ofRead MoreAndrew Jackson s Indian Removal Policy1379 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy Known as a highly regarded military general, Andrew Jackson was justified in his signing of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, because it allowed for the expansion of America by land acquisition and economic growth while at the same time protecting the culture of the American Indian tribes from total extinction. During the early 1800s, America, a newly born nation, was growing in a hurry. In order to compensate for this growth, America neededRead MoreAndrew Jackson And The Removal Policy820 Words   |  4 Pagespresident of the United States; Andrew Jackson, was not only notorious for his success as a general but also for his actions as president. The Removal Policy is still discussed today because of the question of whether or not the removal of Native Americans benefited them or not. The intent of Jacksons actions is controversial because it is not clear if he acted in the best interest of Native Americans or for white settlers. Robert Reminis writing Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars he concludesRead MoreEssay about Andrew Jackson765 Words   |  4 Pages Andrew Jackson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andrew Jackson was born in the Waxhaws near the border of North and South Carolina, on March 15, 1767. When Andrew Jackson was born, no one probably guessed that he would be the seventh president of the United States of America. He wasn’t a â€Å"high class† person or had all the same credentials, but he became a war hero thus lifting him to his presidency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andy Jackson was born the third child of Scotch-Irish parents. Jackson’s father, also named Andrew, died as a resultRead MoreWas Andrew Jackson Democratic Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesHow democratic was Andrew Jackson? Andrew Jackson was more democratic than not, due to his full support of the lower classes, his desire for new voting laws, and his veto of the banks. Although he was democratic in those ways, he also showed non-democratic qualities in his time in office, including events like the Native American Removal. Since he showed both qualities of a democrat, and a non-democrat, it is not easy to argue a certain side. Andrew Jackson himself, was once a man of the lowerRead MoreEssay Andrew Jackson: A National Hero Never to be Forgotten969 Words   |  4 Pageswas not a man to mess with. Nick-named for his toughness, our nation’s seventh president was a favorite general among his soldiers. Andrew Jackson stood for the common man, being on e of the only presidents born into poverty. This victorious man shaped the modern Democratic Party we know today, and is a national hero that will never be forgotten. Andrew Jackson was born March 15, 1767 in Waxhaw, a settlement between North and South Carolina. He resided in the forested region of the western CarolinasRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Henry Iv856 Words   |  4 Pagesto how he became King, and rather or not he is the true King of the country. King Henry can be compared to United States President’s Andrew Jackson or Abraham Lincoln. King Henry holds the country together despite parts of his country forming a rebellion against him. Henry is showing the importance of a strong and powerful ruler, just like Andrew Jackson the nullification crisis of 1836, or Abraham Lincoln and the American Civil War. Andrew Jackson told his Vice President John C. Calhoun, â€Å"That the

Athletes Salaries Essay Example For Students

Athletes Salaries Essay What should athletes deserve to be paid?Many players have risen to stardom by becoming a professional athlete. Athletes have come from many different backgrounds; some from wealthy and some from poverty raised backgrounds. Salaries are continuing to rise, and money doesn’t seem to be an issue. Athletes are getting what they want from the owners by negotiating through their agents. Athletes’ salaries aren’t from their owners, but they come from other sources (â€Å"Athletes’ Salary†). Athletes get paid an extremely high salary for the work they do, and should consider the value of their work. They do not deserve the extreme amount they get paid and something should by done about it. One issue that these high salaries cause is that having all this money spoils the athletes. Athletes buy so much unnecessary stuff after they get their money. For example, Michael Jordan has about 28 cars. Who needs all these cars? He didn’t buy all of these, but there is a certain limit on how many cars a person needs. Athletes spend their money on cars, entertainment, clothes, and their big mansions. Another instance of athletes spoiling themselves is the use of illegal drugs (â€Å"Pro Salaries†). Michael Irvin of the Dallas Cowboys has been involved in many of these altercations. He has been through all the punishments there possibly is and still makes his money (â€Å"Pro Salaries†). Athletes think they are at a higher level and that they can do whatever they want. An issue that everyone hears about everyday that a pro athlete has committed a murder/crime. Ray Lewis, a safety for the Baltimore Ravens, is being tried for two accounts of murder. He is an excel lent athlete. He is on the pro-bowl team for the 1999 season and led the league in tackles. He has just ruined his career by even being involved in a situation like this. Another player is Robert Lewis, a 20 year-old basketball player from the Dallas Mavericks. He was convicted of beating his girlfriend almost to death. A 20-year-old basketball star doesn’t need to feel that he is a king to be a leader. What kind of role model is he setting to other youngsters that want to follow in the same footsteps?The salaries of athletes are extremely high for the effort that they put through. For example, basketball, baseball, and hockey athletes only compete for about 6-8 months a year. Then they have the whole summer off. The highest paid athlete was Michael Jordan (Spiegel 220). He was paid as a free agent 33 million dollars for a single season (Spiegel 220)! This salary is an outrageous amount but who really deserves it? Maybe Michael does, but in the future some no names might get this. Athletes practice maybe no more than 3-4 hours per day. That is half of what an average person works in a day. In the NBA, they only play 82 games a season. So, Michael Jordan was getting paid about .4 million dollars a game. Also, it was calculated from his average that he made about 20,000 dollars for every shot he took. Each game they play is for a total of 48 minutes. After that they travel to the next game. The athletes are getting paid whatever they ask for and they really don’t deserve it (Kindred 63). Maybe if they showed that it takes a lot of conditioning and a lot of practice, rather than going on vacations to Hawaii, they might catch a few more eyes looking at them. One of the biggest issues that raise the salaries of the players are the endorsements and advertisements that promote their contributions. It was reported that Michael Jordan made 100 million dollars (profit) last year (Spiegel 220). That means he made almost 70 million dollars from other sources being clothing firm, advertisements, restaurant, and awards. The owners also are paying the athletes from the sponsors that pay them to advertise their company. Owners only get profit from this deal. Corporations are paying athletes millions to advertise their product, because the consumer would rather buy the product if their favorite athlete were supporting it. This is a major source of income for the athletes that they receive. Many athletes take time out of their vacationing to make commercials. Who really pays the athletes’ salaries? The majority that pay for their salary are the fans (â€Å"Athletes’ Salary†). When you buy food, souvenirs, tickets, etc. Now if you go to the mall and buy clothes or cologne, you might be promoting the salary of an athlete (Bryjak 67). The fans continue to pay extremely high prices for tickets because they want to be entertained (Bryjak 67). You have to pay the price for the entertainment but is it worth it? The other side of the story is the corporations that pay the owners. They just make the wallets of the owners inflate. Owners then use the money to pay the athletes from their pockets (Bryjak 67). So much money is transferred from one hand to another, that much of the money lands back to the owners or where it started. I don’t like having high salaries for the reason being that the fans have to add more money for the fees that they will charge for their tickets (â€Å"Athletes’ Salary†). This is just another excuse for the owners to increase their wallets. My Dying Bride EssayThe main case about athletes not deserving their salaries is that the rest of the world doesn’t compare to them. Who do you think should deserve more pay, the president or an athlete? The President makes about $200,000 a year and he rules the whole country. An athlete provides only entertainment; he never has to make an important decision that will affect the whole country. An athlete doesn’t have that much power but by the way they get paid, you would think that they were important. The average baseball salary is 1.4 million and there are more than 317 players that make more than a million (Kindred 63). Remember that the average family income is $38,782 and these salaries don’t compare anything to this (Kindred 63). Still athletes argue with owners that they aren’t receiving what they deserve. Michael Jordan, who made 33 million, was still not satisfied with what he received. This is also known as selfishness and greed. Sean Gilbert, who was used above, would make what an average family would make in 1200 years. What does this say about their salaries? It says that they are overpaid, and the owners just want to bring a championship to their city at whatever the cost may be. This will increase their revenue greatly at the cost of the fans. In conclusion, athletes receive more than they deserve. They don’t work hard as the average working person does. I am not downing athletes, but their salaries are too high to compare. They do entertain the public, but the expense for the entertainment is too steep. Athletes should make a decent salary, but they should have control over their limits. They deserve a salary that would compare to other officials who are more important to the people and that have a role which effects the people as a whole. Something must be done before a drastic change occurs. Works Citedâ€Å"Athletes’ Salary.† CQ Researcher. 2000. Bagnato, Andrew. â€Å"Against the (cash) flow as revenue streams into college coffers, Some athletes are clamoring for their cut of the profits.† Chicago Tribune 23 Feb. 1997: 1. Bryjak, George J. â€Å"The Name of the Game is Money.† USA TODAY Sept. 1998: 67-69. Danziger, Lucy S. â€Å"Sweet Inequity.† Women’s Sports and Fitness July 1999: 17. Kindred, David. â€Å"In the name of sanity.† The Sporting News 20 Apr. 1998: 63. â€Å"Pro Salaries.† n. pag. On-line. Internet. http://www.nonline.com/procon/html/prosalary.htm. 12 Jan. 2000. Spiegel, Peter. â€Å"Athletes.† Forbes 22 Mar. 1999: 220. Wigge, Larry. â€Å"Millennium mind-set: Open up game and close wallets.† Sporting News 10 Jan. 2000: 58-59. English Essays

Ethics Analysis and Critical Thinking

Question: Discuss about the Ethics Analysis and Critical Thinking. Answer: Rationale It is not easy to define about the common good. There is a general idea that in certain situations, the rights of the individuals should step down in favor of the collective will of a group or a community. Generally, human beings face the complexities of choices between the societies where the people accept sacrifices for a contentious society and where personal benefits are protected by a selfish group of people. For the appeals of common good, discussions are surfaced by the business social responsibilities, lack of investment in education, problems of crime and poverty and environmental pollution (Callahan, 2012). Issues of Justice and fairness The justices and fairness in the context of the individual rights and common good depends upon the men who sets the standards for the treatment of the individuals by a government and a society. A huge emphasis was put on the individual rights to make sure that the people do not face any form of criticism under the citizenship of their particular countries. Its the governments duty to uphold the common good of the individuals (Etzioni, 2009). What is right thing that can be done? The main struggle between the fundamental rights granted to the individuals and the will of the society is to balance the challenges and the oppositions faced by the citizens. With the aim of making common good, certain conditions should be developed that will serve with an equal advantage to everyone. It would be much feasible, if common good for the individuals will primarily consists of improved social systems, environments and institutions on which work of the person will depend and will benefit them (Gregory, 2008). Is Artificial Intelligence a Threat to Humanity? Rationale Many technologies have both good and bad aspects. Artificial Intelligence is the branch of science that is related to the study of intelligent agents behaving like a human being in the environment. It is widely debated that whether the artificial intelligence is a threat to human beings or it is the wealth of opportunity. However, artificial intelligence is the helpful tool and has evolved at the rapid pace. It has revolutionized the sectors such as education, business and healthcare sectors. It has the potential of encouraging the innovators, tech companies and educators to make more investment through usage of more time, energy and money for updating the technology (Looper, 2015). Issues of Justice and fairness Most of the researchers have addressed that artificial intelligence is the source of a computer program that has emulated the human brains. It runs the algorithms that are equally powerful as the human brains algorithms. It is the network of the human intelligence level designed to share complex thoughts and memories seamlessly. But up to some extent, it has created threats for the human beings too. After its introduction in the science technology, human beings have become redundant at their workplaces. In future prospects, if full control is taken over by the artificial intelligence, then the races of the human beings will be wiped out (McDonald, 2015). What is right thing that can be done? This issue is discussed commonly in a vague and generic way, while it is required that this issue should be discussed seriously through making considerations of aligning issues. If machines will replace the human beings, then it will be represented as a threat to the human dignity. The humans will feel devalued, alienated and frustrated. In order to make safety efforts, some strategies and guidelines should be issued to the developers, so that it will not affect the human races. Another idea is to clearly define about the missions of each program and should build some encrypted safeguards to prevent the unauthorized use (Bostrom Yudkowsky, 2011). References Bostrom, N., Yudkowsky, E. (2011). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Callahan, D. (2012, December 17). Putting the Common Good Above Individual Rights. Retrieved May 27, 2016, from demos: https://www.demos.org/blog/putting-common-good-above-individual-rights Etzioni, A. (2009). The common Good and Rights-A Neo-Communitarian Approach. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 113-119. Gregory, A. (2008, June 07). War and the Common Good . Retrieved May 27, 2016, from Independent Institute: https://www.independent.org/issues/article.asp?id=2421 Looper, C. d. (2015, August 28). Is Artificial Intelligence Really A Threat To Humanity? Retrieved May 27, 2016, from Techtimes: https://www.techtimes.com/articles/80029/20150828/artificial-intelligence-really-threat-humanity.htm McDonald, C. (2015, June 04). The Good, The Bad and The Robot: Experts Are Trying to Make Machines Be Moral. Retrieved May 27, 2016, from California Magazine: https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2015-06-08/good-bad-and-robot-experts-are-trying-make-machines-be-moral

Student Exchange Program and Educational Tours free essay sample

Educational tourism is a rapidly expanding area in the travel and tourism industry. It is also known as career enhancement or self-enrichment programme which comes in various formats namely foreign student exchange programmes and business conventions. However, all forms of educational tours have one point in common, which is to increase the travellers’ knowledge. Therefore, educational tourism should undeniably be used as a form of education as it effectively facilitates learning and greatly benefits the travellers. One of the benefits of joining educational tourism is that the foreign students who involved in the exchange programme will return home as a more independent and self-reliant person. This is because the participants will be able to carry out their daily routines without relying on others. Participants will develop higher level of confidence in making decisions in the future because they are obligated to complete certain tasks on their own. In addition, by participating in educational tours, students can gain more experience such as the lifestyle and culture of other countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Exchange Program and Educational Tours or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Students will be able to get in touch with the language of the foreign country and could learn in through practical immersion. It is a much safer way for students to gain knowledge because they will be accompanied by their friends and led by their teachers. When students are travelling in a group, they can exchange information and improve each other’s learning. Students will have an enjoyable experience and parents will feel relieved as their children are in a safe environment. It is argued that educational tourism has been doing more harm than good as it degrades the environmental conditions. It has been indicated that the air, water and wild life’s original state have been disrupted due to the increasing number of educational tourists. However, this argument is invalid because the natural resources are used not only by tourists but also by the locals. Furthermore, tourists are the minority in the area. In addition, they stay there for a much shorter period of time compared to the locals. A good educational tour will educate participants on becoming responsible tourists. Thus, participants of the tour will be aware of the importance of preserving the environment. Educational tours give participants an opportunity to acquire experience that cannot be obtained within the classroom. It also enables participants to be exposed to other social and cultural values. Thus, schools and institutes of higher education should organise and encourage their students to participate in educational tours as it efficiently aids the learning process and greatly broadened students’ perspectives. (421 words) Final editing Educational tourism is a rapidly expanding sector in the travel and tourism industry. It is also known as career enhancement or self-enrichment programme where the educational institutes offer student exchange programmes and educational tours to their students. These educational tours have one common objective, which is to increase the travellers’ knowledge. Therefore, educational tourism should be incorporated in the curriculum syllabus as it facilitates independent learning and provides safer alternatives for students to gain new experiences that could connect with the theories they learned through the overseas tours. One benefit of joining educational tours is that the students who are involved in the exchange programmes will become more independent in their own learning. As they are living overseas for a short period of time, they need to ensure that they manage their time well and complete their course works on time. Although the host institution may assign a mentor to guide these students, they still need to carry out their daily routines without relying on their family and own friends who are not around to help them. This kind of experience will help the students to develop higher level of confidence in making decisions because they are obligated to complete certain tasks on their own. Being able to make decision effectively will contribute to independent learning as the students learn how to decide themselves without being told of what they should do. In addition, educational tourism can be considered as a safer option for young students to gain new experience and knowledge through educational tours and exchange programmes. It will be much safer for students to travel on educational tours as they will be will be accompanied by their friends and led by their teachers. When students are travelling in a group, they can exchange information and check with each other. In other words, they can discover new ideas through group discussion in a new environment. Their teachers or the guides at the host destinations can provide important information to help the students to adapt to the new environment. In this way, students can have an enjoyable learning setting at overseas and experiment with different ways of learning. Through proper guidance and controlled environment, parents can be assured of the safety of their children in a new educational environment. It is argued that educational tourism is doing more harm than good as it worsens the environmental conditions. It is found that the air, water and wild life’s original state have been negatively affected due to the increasing number of educational tourists. However, this argument is invalid because the natural resources are used not only by tourists but also by the locals. Furthermore, tourists are the minority group in the area. In addition, they stay at the area for a much shorter period of time compared to the local community. A good educational tour will usually educate tour participants on becoming responsible tourists. Thus, participants of the tour will be aware of the importance of preserving the environment and will not behave irresponsibly. In conclusion, educational tours allow students to take charge of their own learning and enable them to learn new knowledge in a safer environment with proper planning. Thus, schools and institutes of higher education should consider organising educational tours and encouraging their students to participate in this activity as it can aid the learning process and greatly broadened students’ perspectives on world knowledge. (565 words)

buy custom Factors of School Violence essay

buy custom Factors of School Violence essay The home background can be a major cause of indiscipline in students. Children that have been victims of abuse as well as parental violence are more likely to end up being violent. Some form of violence occurs as a result of individual differences that maybe attributed to heredity. Researchers also indicate that some form of violence occur as a result of groupings. Some environmental effects which are physical may be the cause school violation. The media can play an important role in influencing young people negatively for instance its well known that people become violent by watching or taking part in violent actions. Some people become violent when others provoke them by insulting them or abusing them. Other factors that can make students to be violent include frustration, effects of alcohol and other drugs, humiliation as well as embarrassment. Discipline is one of the best gifts that one can give to a child. Discipline is what makes training complete. Therefore insufficient discipline among the students is the major cause of the damages and havocs being experienced in our learning institutions. Where there is any form of success discipline must have been there. Therefore large investment in education without instilling disciplines in the students is a worthless journey. There are two forms of discipline for instance self and imposed discipline. There has been a drastic change in the lives of children in the past few years. The things that children used to worry about decades of years ago are not what are troubling the children of today (Shafii Shafii 2001). The things that children worry about include violent deeds against them or their other family members. The truth is life has become very dangerous for the children in our time. Statistics that has been done reveals that about one out of every ten children knows of another child who has been shot. This includes children from age ten to seventeen. The number of children that are victims of abuse has significantly increased in the past few years. Children are naturally innocent but this innocence has been replaced with violence. At school children fear fights and as a result they go home in fear and other times they are forced to spent their nights in bathtubs in order for them to be sure of their safety. Even children that come from safer neighborhoods are not left out because you cannot predict when violence shall struck. Children have been exposed to violence in almost all the stages of their lives. Violence is seen at school, homes and even their neighborhoods. Our daily news never misses information about child abduction and that is the reason the same has manifested at our schools. At home children see and learn violence from the television. Statistics has shown that an average child observes about eight thousands scenes of violence and about a hundred thousands acts of violence before completing their elementary studies. When the child reaches age eighteen this approximation are most likely to have doubled. By the fact that people become violent by watching violent scenes gives a good reason for the violence that is happening at our learning institutions (Elliott, Hamburg Williams, 1998). Buy custom Factors of School Violence essay

The best place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The best place - Essay Example An appreciable number are Roman Catholics. National language is Czech. The capital city of Czech Republic is Prague and it is the most wonderful city I have ever visited. Although Prague is a busy city, Czech people are very accommodative and friendly. They value family relationships despite busy lifestyles. The people are polite, reserved, and most notably, observe business etiquette at all times. I noted with interest that Czech people are formal and only get open after friendship has been established. Czech people are particularly respectful to each other. Dining etiquette is an identity of these people. Timeliness, honor, table manners, and Czech eating styles are always upheld when having meals. The way of life for Czech is very significant to me because I am a people person. I like accommodating people and I appreciate when people accommodate me too. I felt welcome and at home in Czech Republic although I was a visitor. This is my favorite country with wonderful people and I would advise somebody to visit Czech

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Research paper - Essay Example The detective raid Irene’s home severally and even bribes her servants but no pictures were retrieved. In an eventuality, the princess family acquires the information concerning the scandal and calls off the wedding; hence, the king loses both the princess and Irene who eventually flees with his lawyer lover to America. During her departure to America, Irene sends Holmes a letter telling him how he foresaw his schemes in his detective mission and leaves her picture portrait to be given to the king. This paper will analyse the general overview of the short story and how femininity is portrayed as the main theme in the story. Analysis The short story contains four characters namely Walton, Holmes, the king and the only woman named Irene. However, the narrator brings out the woman Irene as the main character who takes the central point in the story. In this case, the author tried to bring out the contrast between the woman character and the expected woman character in the 19th ce ntury also referred to as the Victorian era. Unlike the usual Victorian woman perceived to be naive and submissive, the author brings out the character Irene in a different perspective (Doyle 11). To begin with, the author depicts the secretive nature of Irene because she secretly hid the much-wanted photo from everyone and eventually runs away secretly with his lover to another country. In addition, the author depicts Irene’s nature of instinct because somehow, she knew that the king was marrying a Scandinavian princess and more still, her instinct showed her that her precious picture portrait was needed; hence, she hid it. The other amazing fact about her instinct is that she knew that the king was planning for her arrest and that is why she run away in time with his lawyer lover to America. More so, Irene knew that Holmes would visit her home in an attempt to arrest her. On a more interesting note, she exactly knew that Holmes would come looking for the picture where he ha d previously seen it; hence, Irene kept a letter in the same place for Holmes to read and her portrait picture of the king to possess. However, Irene possesses the Victorian woman values because the author depicts how women valued their homes, children and other domestic valuables because in the 19th century, the woman was a homemaker who got married and took care of her home. Irene Adler portrays such a character by rushing home to hide her most valued items, the picture of her, and the king after she learned that the king needed the precious picture portrays (Doyle 11). Moreover, the author depicts how women of the Victorian era were victims of love because they had no authority over the male decisions in terms of love affairs. Irene, who is entangled in a past affair with the king, and uses the picture as the weapon to fight and protect her love right depict this weakness. Nevertheless, Irene Adler’s intelligence surpasses the few portrayed weaknesses, because prior to her instinctive and secretive nature, she goes ahead to show her intelligence by keeping the portrait of his former lover, as a weapon that will protect her from future steps that the king might take, which shows that she has strong intensions of controlling rather than destroying. Ideally, Irene Adler’s beauty and brains lays a platform for admiration. The admiration is in a puzzle concept because at the end of the story the

N a response no longer than one page single-spaced, describe any Essay

N a response no longer than one page single-spaced, describe any obstacle(s) that you had to overcome to reach your senior year - Essay Example Since we were used to a very lavish lifestyle full of luxury, we faced difficulties because we had to cut our spending on everything from the electricity bills to eating out and shopping designer clothes. This was a huge change for all of us especially for me and this made me very much frustrated. When I entered high school, we did not have enough money to pay for my school but I was adamant that I wanted to continue my studies in the same school. Luckily, I came across an ad in the newspaper which was looking for a writer. I immediately applied for the job and got a call after a few days after which I was employed and I started working from home using my laptop. In this way, I was also able to earn money for my school fees and I also didn’t have to quit my studies.1 Work Cited Montez, Michele., & Vogler, Christopher. The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers. 3rd Edn. Michael Wiese Productions, 2007.

The Origin of Emotion Labour

The Origin of Emotion Labour Emotions are feelings that people experience, interpret, reflect on, express, and manage (Thoits, 1989). They arise through social interaction, and are influenced by social, cultural, interpersonal, and situational conditions (Martin, 1999). In many situations in our daily lives, we often find ourselves suppressing feelings and displaying a more socially accepted emotion that is deemed more appropriate. For example, showing excitement about a companys promotion or suppressing fury when being cut off by someone in a waiting line. Regulating individuals emotions to comply with social norms then is referred to as emotion work (Hochschild, 1990; p. 118). When we need to display particular emotions and suppress others, which required by our job roles, we do our emotion management for a wage. Hochschild (1983) termed this regulation of ones emotions to comply with occupational or organizational norms as emotional labour. She defined emotional labour as the management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display; emotional labour is sold for a wage and therefore has exchange value (Hochschild, 1983; p.7). According to Hochschild (1983), jobs involving emotional labour possess three characteristics: they require the workers to make facial or voice contact with the public; they require the worker to produce an emotional state in the client or customer, and they provide the employer with an opportunity to utilize some control over the emotional activities of workers (Hochschild, 1983). Based on impression management, Ashforth and Humphrey (1993) defined emotional labour as the act of displaying the appropriate emotion. Their definition differs from Hochschilds (1983), since their definition emphasizes the actual behaviour rather than the presumed emotions underlying the behaviour (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). According to Morris and Feldman (1997), emotional labour possesses the following characteristics: (a) emotion work occurs in face-to-face or voice-to-voice interactions with clients; (b) emotions are displayed to influence other peoples emotions, attitudes and behaviours; and (c) the display of emotions has to follow certain rules. 2.1.2 Dimensions of Emotional Labour and Its Measures Brotheridge and Grandey (2002) restructured emotional labour into two categories: One focuses on the characteristic of the job and the other emphasizes employees emotion management process. The former is called job-focused emotional labour which includes the frequency, duration, variety, and intensity of emotional labour and display rules. The latter is named employee-focused emotional labour, an emotion management skill that employees use in the course of interactions with clients. This category includes surface acting and deep acting. Brotheridge and Lee (2003) used the similar approach. They developed an emotional labour measure including both job-focused and employee-focused variables. Specifically, their measure has six facets: frequency of interaction, intensity and variety of emotional display, duration of interaction, and surface and deep acting. Emotional labour researchers often ignored spontaneous and genuine emotions, acknowledged as passive deep acting by Hochschild (1983), in the development of the emotional labour measure. Diefendorff, Croyle, and Gosserand (2005) constructed the display of naturally felt emotions as an independent factor and formed a three-dimensional emotional labour instrument: surface acting, deep acting, and naturally felt emotions. In summary, despite many different measures developed, the general view is that job-related variables, such as frequency, intensity, variety, and display rules are experienced as the antecedents of emotional labour rather than emotional labour itself and two acting modes (surface and deep acting), that employees use to match the required emotional display are regarded as the true components of emotional labour (Grandey, 2000 A.A. Grandey, Emotion regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor, Journal of Occupational health Psychology 5 (1) (2000), pp. 95-110. Abstract | icon_pdfPDF (1059 K) | Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (124)Grandey, 2000). 2.1.3 Servicing Acting Based on Goffmans (1959) dramaturgical perspective of social interactions, Hochschild theorized that service is a show where the service provider is an actor, the customer is the audience, and the work setting is the stage (Grandey, 1999). The work place (restaurant) provides the setting and circumstance that allows actors (wait staff) to perform for audiences (diners). The interaction between actors and audiences is based on their mutual definition of the setting, which can be interpreted as occupational or organizational norms or display rules. Surface acting and deep acting are two types of acting mechanism that emotional labour preformed. 2.1.3.1 Surface Acting Surface acting is a discrepancy between felt and displayed emotion (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). Surface acting involves employees simulating emotions that are not actually felt, by changing their outward appearances (i.e., facial expression, gestures, or voice tone) when exhibiting required emotions. For example, a hotel front desk employee may put on a smile and cheerfully greet a customer even if she or he is feeling down. In this case, the front desk clerk feigns emotions that are not experienced (Chu, 2002, P.18). Using the surface acting technique, people change the outward expression of emotion in the service of altering their inner feelings. By changing facial or bodily expressions, such as slumped shoulders, bowed head, or drooping mouth, inner feelings can be altered to a coincident state (Hochschild, 1993). 2.1.3.2 Deep Acting Deep acting occurs when employees feelings do not fit the situation; they then use their training or past experience to work up appropriate emotions (Chu, 2002, P.19). Unlike surface acting, deep acting involves changing inner feelings by altering something more than outward appearance. In surface acting, feelings are changed from the outside in, whereas feelings are changed from the inside out in deep acting (Hochschild, 1983). Hochschild (1983) classified deep acting as (1) exhorting feeling, whereby one actively attempts to evoke or suppress an emotion, and (2) trained imagination, whereby one actively invokes thoughts, images, and memories to cause the related emotion (thinking of a wedding to feel happy or a funeral to feel sad). In other words, employees use their training or past experiences to help summoning appropriate emotions or responses (sadness, cheerfulness) for a given scene. By practicing deep acting, emotions are actively induced, suppressed, or shaped (Kruml Geddes, 2000). 2.1.4 Functions of Emotion Labour Zapf (2002, P.248) stated that Emotion work is a part of an overall task and, thus, it helps to fulfil the overall task and increase task effectiveness. Ashforth, B.E. and Humphrey, R.H., 1993. Emotional labor in service roles: the influence of identity. Academy of Management Review 18, pp. 88-115. Full Text via CrossRefAshforth and Humphrey (1993) consider emotion work as a form of impression management because by showing certain emotions the employee deliberately attempts to foster certain social perceptions of him- or herself. Emotion work is done to influence the emotions of the clients either as the ultimate or as an instrumental goal. In the service business, the premise is that customers or clients would be more likely to do business with an organization when they experience the interaction with service providers positively. This should mainly depend on how far the interaction with the service providers either supports or threatens their self-esteem. Emotion labour may help to make the social interaction more calculable and assist to avoid embarrassing situations that might otherwise interrupt the interaction with clients (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). Moreover, emotion work may help to develop or stabilize the organization-customer relationship for building trust in the organization. This is more important in the service sector than in other sectors; because (1) it is difficult to assess the quality of service; (2), because the service product is immediately consumed and corrections, such as giving the product back, are impossible (Ashforth and Nerdinger, 1994); (3), emotion labour should influence the clients emotions thereby influencing their cognitions and behaviours. (4), influencing a clients emotion may make other things easier. In the entertainment business and in the helping professions, influencing the clients emotion may be the ultimate goal. 2.2 Antecedents of Emotional Labour Antecedents of emotional labour including two characteristics: individual characteristics and job characteristics. 2.2.1 Individual characteristics Emotional labour researchers seem to agree that service workers emotional acting can be explained by personality traits because personal dispositions underlie much of the way that people think and behave (Ashkanasy, Hartel and Daus, 2002). Two personality variables as the antecedents of emotional labour will be examined, which are negative affectivity and intrinsic motivation. 2.2.1.1 Negative Affectivity Negative affectivity is a dispositional personality variable and an individuals tendency to experience discomfort across time and situations (Watson and Clark, 1984). Individuals high in negative affectivity tend to resident the negative aspects of themselves, others, and situations in a generally more negative way and often seem to be anxious, nervous, and afraid (Cropanzano et al., 1993 R. Cropanzano, K. James and M.A. Konovsky, Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance, Journal of Organizational Behavior 14 (6) (1993), pp. 595-606. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (118)Cropanzano, James, and Konovsky, 1993). Individuals low in negative affectivity are typically in states of calmness and peace (Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, 1988). As discussed by Liu, Perrewe, Hochwarter, and Kacmar (2004), negative emotional experiences is aroused by negative affectivity to across time and situations that may obstruct individua ls to regulate their emotional experiences in the service encounter. Such individuals appear to fake their positive emotions when necessary (Kim, 2008). The relationship between negative affectivity and stressors is also supported by the basic theory of heat-affect-overload (Van De Vliert and Van Yperen, 1996). Specifically, employees living and working in hot climates of countries such as Nigeria, Indonesia, and Singapore are high in negative affectivity and experience role overload. It has been proposed that availability of heat or hot climate deranges the thermoregulatory system of the human body and leads to negative affectivity. Such high negative affectivity individuals are faced with higher role overload. According to Osman and Kayode (2008), who studied in emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion among hotel employees in Nigeria, they stated that even though the hotels may have functioning air-conditioning systems, regular power cut or outages due to poor electric power infrastructure in Nigeria may cause frustration among employees and customers. In addition, the high cost of running alternative power source like generators limits the proper use of the air-conditioning systems in most of the hotels. Frontline hotel employees such as door attendants, food servers, and beverage servers have to serve customers in outdoor facilities, such employees are exposed to direct sunlight and humidity under these circumstances. Most of the frontline employees cannot afford to buy air-conditioning systems in their houses; if they could, they do not enjoy it due to irregular power supply in the country. Furthermore, they may not have sufficient financial resources to buy automobiles having air -conditioning systems. Therefore, such employees usually far from their houses go to work, using modes of public transportation such as buses, which are overloaded and are devoid of air-conditioning systems. Accordingly, frontline hotel employees in a country such as Nigeria are high in negative affectivity and experience-deepened stress. Employees in frontline service jobs of the hospitality industry in Nigeria are expected to manage their emotions by changing their outward appearance to display organizationally desired emotions while the inner feelings remain unchanged and thus are likely to experience emotional exhaustion (Osman and Kayode, 2008). In addition, negative affectivity is widely used in strain-related research and has been linked with emotional exhaustion (Houkes, Janssen, De Jonge, and Nijhuis, 2001). In their meta-analytic work, Thoresen et al., 2003 C.J. Thoresen, S.A. Kaplan, A.P. Barsky, C.R. Warren and K. De Chermont, The affective underpinnings of job perceptions and attitudes: a meta-analytic review and integration, Psychological Bulletin 129 (6) (2003), pp. 914-945. Abstract | Article | icon_pdfPDF (244 K) | Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (78)Thoresen, Kaplan, Barsky, Warren, and De Chermont (2003) reported an estimated mean population correlation of .54 between negative affectivity and emotional exhaustion. According to Spector, Zapf, Chen, and Frese, (2000), the perception mechanism also proposes useful guidelines for developing the relevant hypotheses. That is, the perception mechanism states that high negative affectivity individuals tend to perceive their jobs as s tressful and experience high levels of strains. It means, high negative affectivity frontline employees in the hotel industry are susceptible to higher emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. 2.2.1.2 Intrinsic Motivation Another personality variable used as the antecedents of emotional labour is intrinsic motivation. To date various personal resources or personality variables (e.g., self-efficacy, optimism, and locus of control) have been examined with regard to emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion (Ito and Brotheridge, 2003). As a personal resource and a key personality variable, intrinsic motivation has not received much empirical attention in the hospitality management and marketing literatures (Karatepe and Uludag, 2007). Intrinsic motivation refers to an individuals feeling of challenge or competence derived from performing a job (Keaveney, 1992, p.151). Intrinsically motivated employees have better problem-solving skills and are innovative (Miller, 2002). Grant (2008, p.49) states that intrinsically motivated individuals feel naturally drawn, or pulled, toward completing their work, are process focused-they see the work as an end in and of itself, and are present focused-they are concerned with the experience of performing the work itself. Consistent with the Conservation of Resources Theory, intrinsic motivation is one of the personal resources that can be used for coping with emotional dissonance and exhaustion. As a personal resource, intrinsic motivation can affect employees willingness and perceived effort to manage emotional experiences in the service encounter. Such a personal resource can also be invested in aiding the process of stress resistance and can contribute to the maintenance of res ource reservoirs (Hobfoll, 2001). Consequently, employees with personal resources have mastery that enables them to cope with demanding or forbidding conditions more effectively and thus prevents them from experiencing emotional exhaustion (Xanthopoulou, Bakker, Demerouti, and Schaufeli, 2007). Recently, Karatepe and Uludag (2007) also demonstrated that intrinsic motivation lowered emotional exhaustion for a sample of frontline hotel employees in Northern Cyprus. 2.2.2 Job Characteristics 2.2.2.1 Interaction Characteristics Customer satisfaction depends on the quality of the interpersonal interaction between the customer and frontline employees (Bitner, 1990). Hochschild (1983) argued that job characteristics such as numerous interactions with customers are likely to increase service providers emotional labour. Brotheridge and Grandey (2002) found that frequency and variety of emotional display were positively related to surface acting and deep acting and that duration was positively related to deep acting. In the article by Brotheridge and Lee (2003), frequency and variety showed a positive relationship with surface acting and deep acting, although duration was not related to either acting. Diefendorff, Croyle, and Gosserand (2005) reported interaction characteristics (frequency, duration, and routineness) were not significant predictors of surface acting but mostly related to deep acting. Specifically, duration had a positive impact on deep acting and routineness showed a negative influence on deep ac ting. The most popular theory regarding the relationship between customer contact variables and emotional labour strategies originates from Morris and Feldman, 1996 J.A. Morris and D.C. Feldman, The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor, The Academy of Management Review 21 (4) (1996), pp. 986-1010. Full Text via CrossRefMorris and Feldmans (1996) conceptual work. The authors argued that the more often a work role requires socially proper emotional displays, the greater the companys demand for emotional regulation and the greater employees emotional labour; frequent changes in the variety of emotions to fit in different situational contexts require more planning and anticipation on the part of service employees, thereby entailing greater emotional labour; and emotional displays of long duration require more effort than short duration, leading to greater emotional labour. This notion suggests the possibility of frequency, variety, and duration increasing emotional labo ur in general (both surface and deep acting). However, previous findings especially regarding duration seem to suggest that duration largely leads to deep acting. Deep acting may be the strategy of choice during long interaction because it becomes difficult for employees to fake emotion for a long period of time (Diefendorff et al., 2005). 2.2.2.2 Job Autonomy The hospitality literature has shown that job autonomy can mitigate the level of hospitality employees emotional exhaustion (Kim, Shin, and Umbreit 2007). Morris and Feldman (1996, 1997) suggested employees who have less autonomy over their behaviour should feel more emotive dissonance, which likely leads them to fake feelings (surface acting); and those who have more autonomy experience less emotive dissonance, therefore they are likely to express their natural emotions. According to their rationale, job autonomy is not related to emotive effort (i.e., deep acting). 2.2.2.3 Display Rules According to Hochschild, 1983 A.R. Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA (1983).Hochschild (1983), service occupations involve strong norms and/or expectations regarding displays of emotions. Research has shown that display rules have a positive relationship with emotional acting (Brotheridge and Lee, 2002). Some studies separate display rules into positive and negative rules. Positive display rules evaluate service providers recognitions on expressing positive emotions and negative display rules evaluate the recognitions regarding suppressing negative emotions at work. Brotheridge and Grandey (2002) showed that both types of display rules were positively correlated with both types of acting. Diefendorff and Richard (2003) hypothesized that perceived demands (positive and negative display rules) would be positively related to emotional display, but the result indicated that emotional display only led by positive rule demands. Diefendorff et al. (2005) found that positive display rules were positively correlated with deep acting and negative display rules were positively correlated with surface acting. The authors explained that positive rules (what to express) clarify expectations better and result in good faith attempts (deep acting), whereas negative rules (what not to express) lead employees to just go through the motion and fake their emotions (surface acting). In hospitality organizations such as hotel companies, distinct norms are often included in the job description and employees are trained consistently (e.g., showing a smile with a mirthful greeting). Hence, it seems plausible that hotel firms display rules increase the likelihood of hotel personnels emotional regulation, leading to emotional acting either surface or deep acting. Therefore, in harmony with Brotheridge and Grandeys (2002) work, it is predicted that display rules, regardless of the type, will affect both acting strategies. 2.3 Consequences of Emotional Labour Ashforth and Humphrey (1993) described emotional labour as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it can facilitate task performance by regulating interactions and precluding interpersonal problems. On the other hand, it can impair performance by priming expectations of good service that cannot be met (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993). The following section discusses the positive and negative consequences of performing emotional labour, and particularly, its effects on employees psychological well-being. 2.3.1 Negative Consequences 2.3.1.1 Fusion of Self and Work Role In the emotional labour literature, substantial research in this field addresses unfavourable outcomes. The most-often-cited outcomes are burnout and job dissatisfaction (Morris and Feldman, 1996). Other impacts on the individuals psychological well-being are also discussed in the literature, such as poor self-esteem, depression, cynicism, role alienation, and self-alienation (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993). Wharton (1999) suggested two reasons why the regulation of service providers emotional displays is problematic. First, to ensure service quality, employers often implement behaviour scripts (such as smile, eye contact, body position, tone of voice) for service providers to follow. This restrictive script prevents service providers from interacting with customers based on spontaneous intuition, but on a script drawn up by employers. That is, workers own complex for interaction may be suppressed and replaced by an organizationally sanctioned response (Wharton, 1999). Second, service providers may have different interests vis-à  -vis the outcome of the interaction. That is, employers believe that service providers emotional displays are instruments of service excellence. While front-line employees may sometimes share those objectives, they do not always do so. In these instances, workers interests may be sacrificed. Hochschild (1983) theorized about the consequences of emotional labor based on service providers capacity to strike a balance between the requirements of the self and the demands of the work role. Sustained performance of emotional labour may produce a fusion of self and work role, an estrangement between self and work role that comes at the expense of the self, or a separation between self and work role that comes at the expense of the work role (Hochschild, 1983). The fusion of self and work role can be seen as the service providers inability to depersonalize and detach themselves from the work roles. Research has shown that workers in human service occupations, such as social work or counselling, are often too identified with their work roles and lose the ability to maintain sufficient psychological distance between the emotional requirements of their job and their sense of self. For example, hotel service providers use deep acting techniques to conjure up desired positive emotions and to suppress felt negative emotions. But after awhile, many these service providers reveal that they have a hard time recovering their true feelings once their shifts are over. They begin to lose track of when they are acting and when they are not (Hochschild, 1983). 2.3.1.2 Emotive Dissonance Contrarily, another potential consequence of emotional labour is the estrangement between self and work role. Just as workers on the assembling lines become estranged from their bodies, service providers may become estranged from their true feelings (Hochschild, 1983). Hochschild claimed that most of the negative consequences of performing emotional labour have its roots in this estrangement. The estrangement between oneself and the work role is often presented in the forms of emotive dissonance or unauthenticated, which can be seen as a result of surface acting. Similar to cognitive dissonance, emotive dissonance reflects a gap between felt emotions and expressed emotions. For example, a front desk employee greets a customer in a cheerful and enthusiastic manner but indeed, she or he feels down and unhappy. The inconsistency between expressed emotions (cheerful and enthusiastic) and felt emotions (down and unhappy) is emotive dissonance. Based on the assumption that people are motivated to maintain and enhance their sense of self as being meaningful and authentic (Erickson Wharton, 1997), the experience of emotive dissonance may cause the individual to feel false and insincere. Researchers suggest that the regular occurrence of emotive dissonance may be harmful in terms of employees personal and work-related maladjustment, such as poor self-esteem, depression, and alienation from work (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). Hochschild (1993) suggested that emotive dissonance is most harmful to employees psychological well-being when it comes at the expense of the self, and is less harmful when it is at the expense of the work role. When emotive dissonance comes at the expense of the self, employees blame themselves for displaying fictitious emotions and feelings of unauthenticated. Thereafter, this estrangement of oneself leads to negative consequences such as depression (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993), drug or alcohol abuse (Hochschild, 1983), and low self-efficacy (Seeman, 1991). Antithetically, when emotive dissonance comes at the expense of the work role, employees ascribe this false emotion or inauthentic expression to the demands of the job rather than to the desires of the self (Wharton, 1999), and thus it may be less harmful in terms of their psychological well-being. In an interview with a waitress, Paules (1991) documented how one waitress does not overextend herself into her work. The waitress says that when she distances herself from her job she does not feel bad about it (Paules, 1991, p.286). 2.3.2 Positive Consequences Although substantial literature on emotional labor implies negative consequences, some researchers have suggested positive consequences for both organizations and individuals. 2.3.2.1 Organization For an organization, regulating employees emotional display in a highly scripted manner can ensure task effectiveness and service quality (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993), and increase sales and repeated business (Rafaeli and Sutton, 1987). Also, the positive aspects of emotional labour include financial rewards (i.e., tips or salaries) (Rafaeli Sutton, 1987); increased satisfaction, security, and brand loyalty (Wharton, 1993). 2.3.2.2 Individual Although customers are major stress-producing figures for front-line employees, customers also provide employees with many entertaining and satisfying moments in their working (Tolich, 1993). One reason for this satisfaction is that customers enliven otherwise monotonous tasks. Most of the entry-level jobs in the service industry are highly routine and standardized (i.e., supermarket clerks or food servers). Because of the variety of customers, their presence, even when annoying, is only somewhat distracting, and can be stimulating (Tolich, 1993). Rose (2001) recognized the positive function of emotional labour because interaction with customers serves as a comic relief; he conducted an extensive qualitative study on waitresses working-life. He described the sources of satisfaction for wait staff as below: Some waitresses gain satisfaction from contributing to a customers enjoyment (you supply nurturing and sustenance, the things that make life pleasurable). Some respond to the hustle and stimulation of a busy restaurant, the sense of being in the middle of thingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦some like the attention (the spotlights on you)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..some comment on the pleasure of the attenuated human interaction: though well never get to know each other, theres a really nice feelings that go back and forth (Rose, 2000, p. 19). Roses (2000) case studies offer some support for the argument that performing emotional labour is not always psychologically damaging. The interaction with the public, being at the centre of attention or a sense of joy when knowing ones work is altruistic in nature all bring some intrinsic rewards to ones job when performing emotional labour. The reward or benefit aspect of performing emotional labour receives some empirical support. Wharton (1993) found that workers employed in jobs requiring substantial amounts of emotional labour experience higher job satisfaction and lower emotional exhaustion than other workers (Wharton, 1993). Adelman (1989) found a similar result for table servers. She concluded that, contrary to Hochschilds estrangement assumption, performing emotional labour does not adversely impact employees psychological well-being, but enhances their job satisfaction (Adelman, 1989). 2.4 Moderators of Emotional Labour 2.4.1 Successful Recruitment and Selection Karatepe and Aleshinloye (2009) pointed out that in order to fill vacant positions in organizations, managers should use effective recruitment and selection tools. It is significant that managers should consider the personality traits of candidates in the selection process, focus on candidates who are intrinsically motivated, and try to hire those who can manage their felt emotions matching organizationally desired display norms in the service encounter. This should be a far-reaching practice among hospitality managers. By doing so, managers can go some way to making such frontline employees manage problems associated with emotional dissonance and exhaustion. Another implication for practice is that employing mentors in the workplace appears to be inevitable, since younger, less educated and less experienced employees are confronted with emotional dissonance and exhaustion (Karatepe and Aleshinloye, 2009). Mentors could help such employees alleviate their emotional dissonance and exhaustion by listening to employees problems and their expectations from the management of the hotel and providing support and guidance (Lee and Akhtar, 2007). 2.4.2 Adequate Training Karatepe and Aleshinloye (2009) also suggested that frontline employees should be trained continuously to learn how to cope with problems that stem from emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. This is significant, because effective and continuous training programs in the hospitality industry are not abundant. Therefore, managers should foster social support arising from both supervisors and co-workers in the workplace during these training programs and train their frontline employees in the areas of complaint handling procedures and genuine customer care. Such training programs would also comprise of potential empowerment practices frontline employees would use to deal with customers complaints. The final implication is associated with promotional

Hypotheses Of The Effects Of Wolf Predation :: essays research papers

Hypotheses of the Effects of Wolf Predation Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effects of these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, and statistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explain many evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species. The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed to describe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation. Some of the proposed mechanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulate population densities. The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does not return to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply to one prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough to halt prey population

AG Sredit Essay

1. Propose an organizational structure for the IT department that you feel would support the transformation of AgCredit into a process-centric organization. Recognition of business ownership will be vital to the organizational structure. Having the business sign on and join the conversation about IT and related projects will be instrumental. A steering committee will be need to be part of the approval process of all projects is needed to make sure an enterprise view is taken. The multidivisional committee will need to ensure all projects fit within a SOA framework. The CIO should be involved in the boardroom and have access to senior management, including the CEO. The CIO should hire senior management that can convey departmental and business objects and help guide IT employees. Account managers for each LOB that reside in the business but report to senior IT management should be installed. The entire IT staff will need to be reassessed to ensure the proper people are in the right job roles. The IT function will need to be brought in alignment with the enterprise vision. One option is to try to promote internally for vacant IT positions and insource the roles that cannot be filled. Insourcing will have the distinct advantage of training IT personnel while getting the job done as well. Outsourcing IT functions that are not core competencies can also be employed if desired. AgCredit should appoint a CEO who is responsible for carrying out the strategic plan and will ultimately responsible for managing company operations coupled with a Vice President would oversee operations, carry out the strategic plan set forth by the CEO, and manage the four separate divisions. The CIO would direct the IT department, which would include several IT senior leaders, as well as guide the company’s technological direction. The CFO would be largely involved with both the business and IT departments, helping to give a deeper understanding of cost components and act as an advisor to both IT and business regarding legacy software and future projects. A business analyst would be the link between the IT and business departments, matching technology to business needs, and predicting future business directions. The IT relationship manager would be the connection between the business and IT departments and would ensure the IT governance is translated into business terms. Other staff could include an applications architect who would design applications, implement middleware and infrastructure; and a Network manager who would direct daily IT operations, test, deploy, and integrate network systems. A steering committee will be needed to be implemented as part of the approval process of all projects. 2. Outline a project selection process for AgCredit to ensure alignment with the enterprise business vision. As mentioned in the last question, a steering committee that represents many LOBs will need to be formed and giving decision making capabilities. The process should begin by examining how a project ties to the overall vision of the company. Next the committee members should outline how the project effects their division and could be used to meet departmental needs if possible. Additionally it will need to make sure it fits within the SOA and is not duplicated by other software nodes or current processes. If it is an enhancement or add-on to another project, communication with the end user to see potential benefits should begin. Making sure it can be modularized and standardized for the business will be vital for the organization’s architecture. Additionally making sure all project types are considered and funded through a tax upon all LOBs will be required to support SO A. 3.How should Manley â€Å"make the case† for SOA to ensure that the executive team at AgCredit buys in? Manley will need to present the key strengths of SOA and make sure to focus on how it will support the company’s vision and goals. The transition will simplify the organization and speed up product implementation. Current services and products will be available or modified for usability. It supports web services that align with continuous growth opportunities, expanded customer relationships, and ability to cross-sell between the divisions. It will immediately offer up opportunities for the divisions both in terms of possible financial gains and stretching development dollars. Existing services can be purchased and implemented quickly within the SOA. This increases our capabilities and ensures we stay  caught up with the larger firms. In essence this can level the playing field providing valuable resources and systems. Once the customer information is centralized, which is required for SOA, the savings from reducing database needs will be realized. Having common processes will align the business as a whole and ensure value from increased communication and decreased uncertainty. This kind of technology base may allow the way we work to change, for example working from home or on the road working through a VPN. 4.What new internal IT capabilities will have to be developed in order to create an IT department to support AgCredit’s future business architecture? The capabilities needed to support the SOA from the IT perspective are management tools, information management tools, Information delivery options, development cycles, and a customer service attitude toward the divisions. Role clarification will be important in setting up these capabilities. Management tools include visioning and business alignment processes, funding methods, measurement metrics and focus, and monitoring methods. Information management tools include collection activities, organize process including schemes and taxonomy, process modules to use the information, and maintenance procedures that support business functions. Development cycles must conform to SOA standards and guidelines, using compliant hardware and software to make systems that breakdown the functionality, and complaint with regulatory needs, including system proficiency in creating reports for audit purposes. The customer service attitude will be needed to manage perceptions and keep close ties with the business. 5.What aspects of IT governance do you think would be important in supporting this transformation? Before governance structures are formalized the enterprise and divisional vision and objectives should be outlined. With IT working alongside the business some guiding principles must be drafted up. This may involve setting up account managers within the LOB and forming a multidiscipline steering committee with considerable decision power. This steering committee should work closely with the CIO and have high level approval and corporate sponsorship. The governance system should focus on  guiding the transformation process and keeping key issues in focus, such as sox and regulatory compliance. Stakeholder involvement in the steering committee will help the business and IT structures become partners and work together. It will ensure all voices are heard and considered in the decision making process. They should outline policy decisions that support the organization’s vision earl y on.

Free Essays on Democracy

Democracy How many of you know what democracy means to the American citizens? If you ask most young people what democracy is they will say its America’s government but for the most part that is all they know. Of course we’ve briefly discussed it in past years of schooling but nothing has really stuck with me or made me even think about it. Now, though, what democracy is has become clearer. It’s what America is based upon, for the people, by the people, and is the people, right? After reading a few articles on democracy and discussing it with others some new ideas and theories have came to mind. At this point in time, and in the past, democracy has been the best form of government for the American people. When I think of democracy, freedom is the first thing that comes to mind. Liberty also comes to mind and the actual definition of liberty is freedom from external control. Thinking about external control reminds me of a monarchy or dictatorship which are the exact opposites of democracy. Generally these types of government involve only one ruler while in America we have many representatives, yet it is the people who have the say in making choices by the way of votes. Its how the voting system is set up that really separates America from how other countries run their governments. Americans get to vote on laws and choose what they’d like to keep and what they wouldn’t. This is unique and beneficial but it really only works for the majority, not the minority. The reason why it only works for the majority is the majority of the votes decides what laws pass and what laws don’t. The minorities then are not happy because what they wanted did not happen. This can cause frustrations and make the minority unsatisfied with the final result. With each form of government come certain laws, as evident by history. These laws in democracy’s case are political, but before there were common laws to go with Liberty. Po... Free Essays on Democracy Free Essays on Democracy Interest Groups Interest groups are a group of people who share common traits, attitudes, beliefs, and/or objectives who have formed a formal organization to serve specific common interests of the membership. Examples of interest groups would include such disparate organizations as the Auburn Chamber of Commerce, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the elementary school P.T.A., the Teamsters Union, the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Numismatics Association, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Brangus Breeders Association, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Cosa Nostra, and the Benevolent Order of Elks. Interest groups typically have formal admission to membership, dues, elected officers, by-laws and regular meetings, and they often provide information and regular opportunities for communication through newsletters or magazines, sponsor recreational or educational activities, organize volunteer public service projects, make deals for g roup discounts or group insurance and so on. Larger interest group organizations may have full-time paid officers or professional staff to manage and to supplement the efforts of member-volunteers in furthering the work of the organization. Many interest groups at least occasionally engage in some form of lobbying or other political activities with respect to issues that touch directly on the common interests that are the organization's reason for being for example, the PTA may organize support for a bond issue election to pay for erecting a new school building. Some interest groups have political activity as their principal or only reason for being in the first place. Interest groups that exist primarily for exerting political influence as a means of affecting government policies or legislation are often referred to by the narrower term pressure groups. Since more and more activities have become politicized with the expansion of th... Free Essays on Democracy [TOC] Introduction:- Democracy is a tender topic for a writer: like motherhood and apple pie it is not to be criticized. One will risk being roundly condemned if he, or she, points out the serious bottleneck that is presented when a community attempts, through the democratic process, to set plans for positive social action. A man is not permitted to hesitate about its merits, without the suspicion of being a friend to tyranny, that is, of being a foe to mankind?2 The notions of government and of democracy are independent notions and do not, from what I can see, depend on one another. What is likely required for the masses of people, as we see in "modern" world societies, is an established system of government. Where there is a need for an established system of government, it will likely naturally come about; and do so, whether, or not, it has the consent of the people, real or imagined. Putting aside, for the moment, the arguments of Hobbes and Locke, I believe, on the basis of plain historical fact, that governments come about naturally and maintain themselves naturally without the general will of the people; indeed, I believe, with many others I suspect, that our long established democratic governments in the world (the United States and Canada being among them) did not come about by the general will of the people, at all; nor is it necessary that it should it be maintained by the will of the people.3 One should not conclude, therefore, th at democracy is necessary for good government: It may not be. What is necessary for optimum prosperity is a state of acquiescence, which, as it happens, is the hallmark of western democracies. It may be, that the only thing needed is but the trappings of democracy. An individual or group of individuals may take and maintain power by the use of coercive force. From history we can see that this is the usual way by which power is gained, and maintained. However, it has long been understood t... Free Essays on Democracy Democracy How many of you know what democracy means to the American citizens? If you ask most young people what democracy is they will say its America’s government but for the most part that is all they know. Of course we’ve briefly discussed it in past years of schooling but nothing has really stuck with me or made me even think about it. Now, though, what democracy is has become clearer. It’s what America is based upon, for the people, by the people, and is the people, right? After reading a few articles on democracy and discussing it with others some new ideas and theories have came to mind. At this point in time, and in the past, democracy has been the best form of government for the American people. When I think of democracy, freedom is the first thing that comes to mind. Liberty also comes to mind and the actual definition of liberty is freedom from external control. Thinking about external control reminds me of a monarchy or dictatorship which are the exact opposites of democracy. Generally these types of government involve only one ruler while in America we have many representatives, yet it is the people who have the say in making choices by the way of votes. Its how the voting system is set up that really separates America from how other countries run their governments. Americans get to vote on laws and choose what they’d like to keep and what they wouldn’t. This is unique and beneficial but it really only works for the majority, not the minority. The reason why it only works for the majority is the majority of the votes decides what laws pass and what laws don’t. The minorities then are not happy because what they wanted did not happen. This can cause frustrations and make the minority unsatisfied with the final result. With each form of government come certain laws, as evident by history. These laws in democracy’s case are political, but before there were common laws to go with Liberty. Po...

Black Americans and Affirmative Action essays

Black Americans and Affirmative Action essays Black people had significant historical importance to the nation and the importance of black-white relations in U.S. society today. Throughout the history black were denied many important things to have, a traditional life style, black Americans could not work, live, shop, eat, seek entertainment, or travel where they chose, they were denied in voting rights, education, employment. A large majority of blacks lived in poverty; kids could not receive proper education, blacks Americans were forced to go to separate schools for blacks only. Many years has past since those times and today the situation is very different. In education, many blacks received college degree from universities that formerly excluded them. Also black Americans experienced changes in workplace, they often hold professional and managerial jobs in desegregated settings. In politics, most blacks Americans now participate in elections. Overall, many blacks have achieved middle-class status. But despite all those chan ges black people remain substantially behind white people, they still face problems like discrimination, prejudice, they denied in equal opportunities, and inequality of conditions. In my paper I like to analyze changes in political, economical, educational levels and problems black Americans face today and what can be done to end the racism and how to solve an American Dilemma on gender politics in U.S. The status of blacks in American society has been subject of study for many years and still American Government trying to change social and economical status of blacks American in American Society. Blacks Americans for many years were subjects to violent treatment by white people. Blacks were subject to discrimination; they also were denied equal opportunities. Discrimination and unequal opportunities play an important role in the lives of many blacks, and even in the absence of discrimination the opportunities of many blacks are limited. Inequalities in...

Marketing Service of Rooftop Movies Research Paper

Marketing Service of Rooftop Movies - Research Paper Example It is observed that the cinema industry has amassed enormous growth in recent times due to the emergence of 3D experience along with the latest technology based digital effects. In this context, the revenues are expected to increase considerably from the cinema industry of Australia in the upcoming years (Westberg 2011). External Environment Rooftop Movies, which is located in Perth city of Western Australia, has ultimately transformed into a premier destination for those people who live and work in the city. The patrons or the customers belonging to the Perth city consider Rooftop Movies as one of their refreshment destinations and was voted by Wallpaper Magazine as the third coolest leisure experience in the world (City of Melbourne 2012). There are many companies that enthusiastically sponsor Rooftop Movies which include Heinz Co., Mini, Bulmers and Volley among others. The cinema industry has attained a significant reputation and success by generating more employment opportunitie s along with attracting foreign finance for the production of the film industry. The Australian government has documented the inherent social value of the cinema industry which facilitates to promote a sense of identity, appreciation of cultural diversity and social cohesion. Furthermore, the cinema industry of Australia has increasingly delivered economic related benefits by generating a large sum of revenue and has ultimately become a powerful marketer of the nation (Australian Government 2006). It has been recognized that the Australian film industry has been reinvented as well as transformed by advanced technological methods along with innovation. The most significant impact of advanced technology in the movie industry of Australia is the introduction of digital technology. This particular facet of digital-based technology has contributed greatly and posed noteworthy effect upon certain activities that include visual effects, sound mixing, compositing, film and sound editing amo ng others.

Elizabeth Murray'abstract art gives me special meanings Essay

Elizabeth Murray'abstract art gives me special meanings - Essay Example She portrayed a gloomy home life by bathing cartoonish technique, comprising kitchen utensils, desks, shoes, and others seen in houses. Personally, her paintings pushed me to think more profoundly about their goofy, ridiculous, and comical nature, but I only felt somewhat disturbed. In her earlier works, Murray depicted human features, by interweaving non-figurative colors, lines, and shapes. She used multi-paneled installations, alongside vibrant and daring colors to fascinate and trick the viewers’ eyes. She made use of every dimension, and is particularly recognized for her designed canvasses (Lacayo para 2-3). Her naughty, silly, and wild technique is all about colorful composition and wild forms against the organized and methodical abstract art. She totally recreated Modernist abstraction into cartoonish humor and essence. The above picture is one perfect example of Murray’s wacky, spirited, yet deliberate, calculated technique. In this painting, she is combining abstract three-dimensional canvases to form scenery of unique shades, colors, and systematic mixtures. It is a large image of a hotchpotch, painting, and figure; mixed all in all and colored vibrantly and raises a sense of wackiness, but sympathetic accuracy which is integrated in all its exquisite disorder (PBS(a) para 4). The application of smooth, horizontal color reveals that she is not attempting to mislead the viewers or make them believe there is something deeper than what has been painted or shown in front of them. Based on my analysis, I think she is trying to guide her viewers to the reality that abstract images can be objects too. Even though these are not ordinary, mundane objects that can simply be recognized, I think she is attempting to copy commonplace objects employing her own artistry, ingenuity, and imagination. She makes use of living organic shapes all over the painting which look like human body parts. By condensing and squashing these humanlike shapes into her