Has The Traditional Marketing Eloped By Internet Marketing Marketing Essay

Has The Traditional market Eloped By Internet Marketing Marketing EssayThis seek project comp ars pawed-down merchandising and earnings merchandising to show the difference characteristics betwixt them. in addition this project is d adept to hazard taboo what merchandise tools ar utile for some elect companies in the viands diligence. The master(prenominal) difference betwixt mesh merchandise and conventional market is also study in this project.Different textbooks, websites, articles and inter look ats atomic number 18 bundlen for the in foundation required in this champaign. both the quantitative and qualitative tone-beginninges are aimd in this research. Quantitative in realiseation are gathered convention the website of the UK National Statistics. The author chartered interviews with three companies doing in the food industry in UK to collect in gradationation take for the analysis in this study.After analyzing distinguishable aspects of theory, comparison and interview coiffes demonstration was drawn. Both the net market and handed-down merchandising has their own advantages. therefore, the to a greater extent or less hard-hitting itinerary of life of selling is using the advantages of both meshwork selling and traditional trade fit to the goals of the develop with.1. IntroductionProfit maximisation is the main(prenominal) accusive of most railway line organisations for which they social function merchandising as their selling strategy. Thus they occasion diametrical strategies to sell their intersections and function. They alship mountainal want to pay off their target clients by creating, promoting and merchandise their crossroad and functions. One of the strategies they subroutine is marketing, which understructure show a business grow and thereby beget to a greater extent powerful. To find out what sort of marketing to use in incompatible area to achieve high share of market and hi gh gross sales rate is very essential (Karp, 1974).According to Dayal et al. 1996, marketing evict be defined as the activity of run intoing the implys and wants of buyers with and through the mass meeting mental process in a manner which enables the firm to achieve its objectives. On the other hand, Saxena (2006), marketing means understanding and responding to nodes needs.Marketing is an organisational function and a set of process for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer alliances in way that improvement the organisation and its stakeholders (Parsons, et al. 2009).Marketing is considered to be a process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to come across the needs and wants of a target market at a turn a profit (Kotler, 2003).The Term Marketing Mix (Product, Price, family, and Promotion) was introduced for the first time by professor Neil Borden in approximately 1953. Markets were offered opportunities to explo it all(prenominal) aspect of the 4 Ps of the marketing incorporate and satisfy their customers needs and wants, as soon as the concept was introduced by him (Karp, 1974).Technology has changed marketing, after staying same for several long time marketing has now professed by meshing and out lives has fashion easy. It brings raw(a) opportunities for marketing as a unsanded confabulation persuade and has been replacing the traditional medium of discourse and selling bang-ups and armed services.Problem railleryIn traditional marketing, stocks of communications such as magazines, catalogues, slope to example communication etc are employ. And nowa long time in the mesh marketing, cyberspace is used as a communication channel as a routine of direct marketing. New opportunities hold in been submitd by this new communication channel which has affected marketing process. All the channels of communications shoot their own importance but profit is a channel that has dev eloped and is continuously developing which has got a lot of attention from everyone. Right last when choosing undecomposed marketing strategy for a vendor is very essential. For that the marketer should know the differences amid net income and traditional marketing and their advantages and disadvantages also. Some demonstrable questions might arise in our mind that which marketing approach is unspoiled comparing traditional and net profit marketing? In the real biography companies, which tool is the most used ones? Is traditional marketing left tush with the use of profits marketing? Is the traditional marketing and internet marketing independent to each other?Author find these issues chaseing and companies entranceway the market depart find this report helpful in rank their marketing tools and also have clear tantrum of all the elements of marketing mixing and the comparison of internet and traditional marketing.ObjectiveThe main objective of this research is to id entify polar characteristics of traditional marketing and internet marketing. bearvas Internet marketing and traditional marketing used by different organisations in food industry. Also, what marketing tools are effective for the chosen companies in the food industries are to be discussed?The managing directors of the companies who need to make a determination somewhat selecting the marketing tools and strategies will find this research helpful. They also will find the studies done on marketing theories and comparison between them, chief of view of managers that were interviewed and the analysis make based in these things.LimitationsThe marketing managers of chosen companies are working in UK and their answers are related to UK food and takeaway market. This research might non be suitable for business to business companies as it is only focused on business to consumers.2. Literature go offDifferent theories on the marketing mix and also traditional and internet marketing i s presented in depth.2.1 Traditional marketingAccording to Kotler 2003, Marketing is considered to be a collective process where individuals or groups prat exchange goods or services based on their needs and wants. Neil Borden for the first time approx in 1953 presented the content of marketing process as marketing mix, representing the mixture of utilitarian elements for marketing. Kotler considers the marketing mix as a mixture of different instruments or tools for pursuing a marketing plan (Walter, 1992).Marketing is the process of readiness and executing the conception, determine, promotion and statistical distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange that satisfy individual and organisational objectives. In traditional marketing, channels of communications such as magazines, catalogues, face to face communication etc are used. The aim is to create convergences and services which sell themselves by being what customers need and want (Kotler, 2003).The marketin g mix is probably the most famous phrase in marketing. The elements are the marketing tactics. Also know as the Four Ps, the marketing mix elements are price, place, product, and promotion.PriceAccording to Belohlavek 2008, Price is a Conditioning element to the purchase. In general, except for commodities, price only conditions but does not determine. The price, by conditioning, determines if the product chosen, as first choice, is the one desired.The pricing of services is one of the major(ip) factors in competing with other business open to most organisations. By fixity prices below those of competitors, a familiarity will hope to get a greater share of the market, all other aspects of competition being enough (Gubbins, 2003)On the other hand, Kotler presents, it is an important part of the marketing strategy and it sends out a cognitive content about the product, comp some(prenominal) and image. Pricing is decided upon the interest and goal of the fellowship that they want to achieve. Whether, they want bigger market share, uttermost profit or possibly a specific position in the market. It is very important job to set the price as it affect demand as the demand and price are dependent to each other.ProductProduct, or service, is the element which satisfies the clients needs. The product or services generates dickens types of relationships with the prospect a functional and a linking one. The functional relationship refers to the products use value and the link with the product is mainly defined by the complementarity between itself and the client (Belohlavek, 2008).Product is the solution to customers wants or/and needs. There are different aspects of product that needs to be considered. Quality, design and function of the product are some examples of different aspects of the product. The size, colour and general design should be considered by the marketer for the product appearance. The demand should be also kept in mind so that what is required in the market should be known and for that research and market study is essential. Service is also included in the product or is a part of this P. The social club can provide warranty as a good customer service which is addicted with the product and thus is a part of this P.PlaceProducts and services have to reach their customers to be consumed. In traditional market, it was come-at-able for producers and their customers to meet face- to face to exchange goods and services. The product and services should reach the customer in the in force(p) manner at right place. The process of moving product and service through different intermediaries to reach the end user is considered under this part of P (Stone et al., 2007).According to Kotler 2003, place in marketing can be about location in the means of store, factory and storage. Also the stopping point on distribution channels and transport are part of it. Place is the crucial thing to determine for the business. The gild who need wide outer space can chose location outside city which is toll effective. The political party who need crowds and is initiation new store need to be located in city centre, which is a bit costly but inveigles customers attention and feasible customers would drop in when passing by. A enactment of factors affect the disposition of the supply chain that evolves to suit the needs of the producer and to meet customer demand (Stone et al., 2007).PromotionAccording to Kotler 2003, Promotion is that part of communication that consists of company message designed to stimulate awareness of, interest in, and purchase of its diverse products and services. Company use sales promotion, advertizement, salesperson, and public relation to disseminate message designed to attract customers attention and interest.Sales promotion is any form of promoting sales where there is a call to action that resolutions in a demonstrable benefit, whether tangible or not (Mullin, et al. 2008)Advertising i ncludes any befuddle form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an determine sponsor. In contrast, public relations focus on building good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favourable unpaid publicity. Personal selling is any form of personal presentation by the organisations sales oblige for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships. Organisation use sales promotion to provide short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Direct marketing can be done face to face meeting, mailing, telephone, catalogue, etc. This is one way of building long term relationship with customers. Finally, companies seeking immediate reaction from targeted individual customers use non-personal direct-marketing tools to communicate with customers. Sales force is the face of company towards customers when providing or whirl customers solution in either services or products. Their working process has become from just selling to more involved task. The sales representatives are the one that bring the needs of customers and the company in concert and create the mutual satisfaction. (Kotler et al., 2010).2.2 Internet MarketingInternet marketing has become an important issue for many businesses around the world which have any form of commercial charge on the net. In the early days of direct marketing, efforts at stint prospective customers could be best exposit as using a shotgun approach. By packing an envelope full of advertisements and coupons and mailing them out to a heavy(a) amount of households, it was sight that customers would actually respond by buoying some of the promoted products. Today, with the creation of large casing informationbases and internet that systematically collect information on households and individuals, direct marketing has become nimbleer. Incentive-based marketing is a technique where the customer is rewarded or even off for com pleted purchase transactions. Similar to the concept of rebates in the fleshly marketplace, online marketing incentives are driving the explosive growth in advertising and marketing revenues. The key difference, however, is that marketer can extract information from online consumers by providing them extra incentives? This information can then be used in conjugation with other direct marketing plans to design and deliver targeted messages (Lee, 2001).Most of the households use internet nowadays via laptop, mobile, palmtop, PC, Etc. The 2010 internet access survey of households and individuals stair home access to the internet and individuals use of the internet across the UK shows that 30.1 one million million million adults used the internet everyday or ripely every day. 73 percent of households had internet access and 31 million people bought or holy effectuateed goods or services online in the last 12 months. As we can see on the chart of adults using the internet more or less every day in appendix B shows that the number of internet users has almost doubled from 2006 till date. (Internet Access, 2010)According to Hoffman et al. 1995, Internet is a new marketing tool that can be used by companies in order to reach their customers. Internet marketing is defined as the industriousness of the internet and related digital technologies to achieve marketing objectives and support the groundbreaking marketing concept. Internet marketing is often presented as a new theory of marketing however some argue that basic concepts form the traditional marketing are still valid. Internet offers new opportunities to conciliate the basics of marketing mix. (Chaffey, 2000).PricePrice transparency on the internet as it is much quicker and easier to compare prices by visiting companys websites or by using prices comparison sites has made the business more rivalrous than was on the traditional marketing. Also the main reason of being competitory is the ability to red uce costs of store spaces and staff costs. As already mentioned above this is the reason of internet marketing being cost effective tool of marketing (Hagel, 1997).Online payment is new modes of payment that internet offers. conviction cards are seen as an efficient, convenient and flexible payment method for both customers and companies. However, customers are less confident about the service because of the trade protection and privacy issues.ProductInternet marketing is the most cost-effective way to market the products to the UK and the world. The internet leads to faster discovery of customer needs, greater customisation of the products to the customer needs, faster product testing, and shorter product life cycles (Eid et al., 2002). Internet provides the opportunity of offering a core product that satisfies the customers fundamental needs. On internet, a picture or description will replace the tangible product offered in the traditional marketplace or in stores. Services of fered on internet by a company should reflect the following factors in order to satisfy customers reliability, responsiveness, competence, ease of use, security, and product portfolio. (Yang et al., 2004)PlaceNew way of distributing product is done in internet marketing i.e. online selling. People can make purposes and purchase any product from anywhere in the world. Allen and Fjermestad 2009, argue that the internet has the greatest implications for place in the marketing mix because it has a large market place.Companies can gain the advantage of the low cost of advertising internationally without the necessity of a supporting sales infrastructure in different countries as they can expand their business form topical anesthetic market to both national and international markets. Internet also helps take advantage of new markets (Chaffey, 2000).PromotionInternet marketing as a promotional tool can give business a presence all over the world. Advertising, sales promotion, direct mark eting, etc are the elements of communication mix which can be done with the use of new way of marketing that is internet marketing. For example, websites and email are the effective tools to review the new ways of communicating to the customers (Chaffey, 2000).Companies can encourage their customers to visit their websites and increase sales by sending emails remainders and different offers frequently. Internet helps to inform customers of the benefits of the product and assist in different stages of buying process.Companies can use internet to deliver their messages to their customers and attract them with the help of online advertising. Customers are always encouraged to buy when they see offers or the cheaper product compared to other competitor brand. Thus, sales promotion on the internet and emails is very used nowadays by the companies. This also helps company to nourish long term relationship with its customers. Internet offers companies the opportunity to publish the news directly which is a part of public relations. Customers are sent emails to incite about the product and services that the company offers which also encourages the customers to send feedbacks and helps observe in touch. This is the part of direct marketing done by the companies as internet marketing tool (Chaffey, 2000).2.3 Comparing Traditional and Internet Marketing MixTraditional marketing and internet marketing is compared on the backside of its marketing mix or 4 Ps. This gives clear idea of different issues that either internet or traditional marketing carry in their tools.PriceThe cost of supply chain or the cost of distribution channel determines the price of the product. The bigger amount of cost is saved through internet marketing which can result lowering the product price. The cost of product may reach the paramount because of the management of distribution channel in the traditional marketing (Kotler, 2003).Tough competition in the internet marketing exist as the com petitors can scan our potential pricing strategy and also our potential customers can reach to the competitors on one click. There is always security problem in the internet marketing, where customers may not feel safe paying online through their cards quite a paying in the physical store where they can have more control over the payment process (Kotler, 2003).ProductProduct that the company offer in websites in internet marketing is just a virtual image where customers cant touch or feel. Whereas, in traditional marketing the product is tangible and customers can experience the property by feeling it. Customer can sometimes change purchase decision because of lack of physically reaching and feeling the product (Lee, 2002).Company can offer wide range of products via internet marketing but it is not possible or it costly to offer wide range of products in the physical store. There will be more problem of storing and staffs intervention inventory in traditional marketing than in i nternet marketing (Kotler, 2003).PlaceCustomers can be attracted by decorating the store, like some stores does in the Christmas and New Year to create a specific atmosphere. This is only possible in traditional marketing but is not possible in the internet marketing as it is just a virtual image. crimson though many of the websites try to create an atmosphere, but it is not as real experience as can be created in the physical store.In the traditional marketing customers have to wait and plan for the opening hours of the store and reach the store but in the internet marketing they dont have to bother about opening hours and the location. They can shop anytime and form anywhere from the world (Kotler, 2003).PromotionTime is money, what people say nowadays. The internet marketing helps save time of the customers and the company by the speed of reaching message to the customers about the product and services and also the purchasing process is done speedy. In traditional marketing it i s not possible. Reaching the targeted customers is made easy with the help of internet marketing and can continue the relationship with them (Kotler, 2003).Face to face communication with customers creates bond between business and the customers. The company can get lots of advantages like they can get neat feedback and can measure result quickly. Communication is both sided in traditional marketing whereas it is not practical in internet marketing (Kotler, 2003)A website helps company to present itself in many ways where the customer can study different aspects of the company and get to know it well where as this is not possible in the same way through traditional tools for promotion (Kotler, 2003). A good website is very important for get aheading in online marketing. According to Sunday Times, some important guidelines for a good website for a company areKeep sites simple and easy to use.Think user journey rather than individual pages.Provide clear information on contacts, deli very and refund policiesLet shoppers browse without having to register.Build trust. parity of internet and traditional marketingOn the basis of theories presented above, the main advantages of both internet marketing and traditional marketing is shown in the table as a bullet points. Marketer can adopt the positive aspects of either approach pointed out in this table.Internet MarketingTraditional Marketing court effectivePersonal ServiceVariety of productsPhysical access to productReach targeted customers easilyQuick feedback face-to-faceFaster speed and communicationLess tough competitionOpens 24/7Atmosphere of physical storeEasy paymentSecure paymentFigure 2.3 Comparison on Internet and traditional marketing3. Research MethodologyThere are different methods of data collection that we need in order to answer the research problem of this thesis. The two approaches are qualitative research and quantitative research which helps us explain the phenomenon. soft research is typically use d to answer questions about the complex nature of phenomena, often with the purpose of describing and understanding the phenomena from the participants point of view. Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon. Qualitative research focuses on understanding the research subject by look into the results based on direct observations, in depth interviews and analysis of documents and materials (Leedy et al., 2005).On the other hand, Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quality or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in ground of quantity (Kumar, 2008).The aim of this research is to make a comparison between traditional marketing and internet marketing and find the effective tools in these two approaches used by a chosen group of companies in food industry. Therefore qualitative research method is mainly used in this research. This enables the author to explore all areas of the topic at hand and also give a thorough understandin g and analysis.3.1 info charm ApproachesThere are mainly two approaches of data collection. primary coil and supplementary data collection is the two approaches of data collection and the author in this research will be using both the approaches for the data collection.Primary dataFirst hand information gathered directly from the source, through experiments, observations, and interviews through mails, telephones, emails or personal interviews which are close to the truth are called primary data (Leedy et al., 2005).The primary data used in this study research was collected through interviews. The interviews were done with the managers of three companies in food industry they are Popadoms, Zaffron eatery gin mill and sultan Balti Palace. questions with the marketing managers of Popadoms, Zaffron eating place Bar and Sultan Balti Palace were done through phone call. ground on some specific qualities they have and all three could give us different point of views on the subject, these companies were chosen. The main qualities that these companies share are that they are successful, growing and use both internet and traditional marketing tools. Popadoms offer mainly takeaways with the finest and freshest Indian food topical anaestheticly (Popadoms, 2010) Zaffron Restaurant Bar offers both service and foods for eat in customers with affordable price (Zaffron, 2010) over again Sultan Balti Palace offers tourists with different new Indian foods with takeaway and dining in facilities (Sultanpalace, 2004).The author in this research has formulated a number of questions based on the data required to be able to come a conclusion regarding the research problem. To be certain of acquiring the obligatory information as effectively as possible, the interview questions were structured according to the limited time for this research and keeping in mind effortful accessibility to the specific individuals that were interviewed and their busy schedules.Secondary data Secondary data is information that has been gathered by someone other than the researcher and/or for some other purpose than the project at hand. Secondary data could be in form of books, journal articles, online data sources, etc. (Leedy, 2005). The supplementary data that the author will collect is through internet and books that are trustable. The statistics can be referred to as quantitative data will be gathered from the website of the UK National Statistics.Validity is establishing correct operational measures for the concepts being studied (Yin, 1994). In order to ensure the validity and reliability of this research, the methods and theories used to conduct this study were chosen from literatures written by authors known to be experts in this field and scientific articles form data bases recommended by Universities.CriticismThe verifiable data was collected through interviews done with the managers of three companies operating in food industry in UK therefore the author can not conclude that the result can be applicable for the whole food industry in UK. With the choice of qualitative research and the mentioned limitations, the author of this research cannot give a general conclusion applicable for other industries in the UK.4. Empirical DataThe author of this thesis will present the companies chosen as examples form food industry in UK. The companies were all chosen from the same industry to rule out the industry differences. The author contacted the companies to obtain information about the marketing conducted in respective companies. The marketing managers of these companies were just able to answer quickly by telephone due to lack of time. However, all these companies invited the authors to find more information on their websites therefore some of the information presented in this part is from the companies websites. The questions asked with the managers in the interviews of all three companies are as followsInterview questions1. What marketing too ls does your company mainly use?2. Which marketing tool does your company consider most effective? Why?3. What are your point of view on Internet marketing and its importance for your company?4.1 PopadomsCompany composePopadoms is an Indian eating house based in residential area Farnborough, Hampshire, UK. It open(a) 11 years ago and offers great Indian cuisine 7 nights a week. The restaurant is well established and has lots of regular customers. The restaurant also has a free topical anaesthetic home delivery service and offers a great takeaway service (Popadoms, 2010).Interview AnswersThe marketing manager was asked to give the marketing tools used as their marketing strategy in the company, which tool is considered most effective and how internet marketing was perceive in the restaurant.The manager answered that the company uses mostly printed and online advertising. For example, the company use leafleting and posts for the promotion and advertisement. They use websites and send emails as online marketing tools. About the marketing tool perceived as the most effective, the answer was that the company uses a combination of traditional marketing channels because these allow the company to capture local customers and reminds them their local restaurant.Internet marketing is an important marketing tool for Popadoms because it gives the company the conjecture to spread information faster. Also from the statistics we know that internet users are increase and ordering online. The manager doesnt think that the success of the company only depends on internet marketing, and there is no such specific tool to success.4.2 Zaffron Restaurant BarCompany ProfileZaffron Restaurant Bar is located in town centre of Farnborough, UK. It was established in 2001 and serves Indian food and drinks 7 days and nights a week. They have separate bar for their takeaway customers where they can have some drinks while waiting. They have more than 70 seating area capacity and serv es tourists as well as local customers. They are near Premier Inn, Aviator hotel and Farnborough airport which helps them to attract tourist customers (Zaffron, 2010).Interview AnswersThe marketing manager was asked about the marketing tools they use for their marketing and the effectiveness of these marketing approaches in their business strategy.The main marketing tools used by this company are according to the marketing manager Internet, homepage and traditional advertisement. As resolution to what the most effective tools would be, there was no general answer given. It was state that in different types of marketing they use different marketing tools. It depends on what they want to achieve.The point of view of the respondent about Internet marketing was positive. The manager considers Internet to be very important for their company. It helps them reach the right customer quickly and use different channels. It was stated that the company couldnt succeed as well without Internet nowadays. It helps them to get their message out fast and reach a wider market. He believes Internet marketing helps their business and revenues grow.4.3 Sultan Balti PalaceCompany profileSultan Balti Palace is now in its 10th year and is busiest Indian restaurant in Wokingham. It is in the boob of the Wokingham town and serves an average of 650 customers a week. An article in a local newspaper referred to the restaurant as having Poppadoms in the Premier League. It is two stage restaurants and is in listed Tudor building. Sultan Palace holds 25 seats on the ground floor and 55 seats upstairs in the main restaurant. The restaurant serves a range of tempting and delicious light meals and snacks at lunchtime. In the evening the restaurant is well known for its traditional Balti flare cuisine. There is a private room that holds 30 covers that can be hired for parties and functions (Sultanpalace, 2

Employee Turnover Types, Theories and Effects

Employee Turnover Types, Theories and EffectsIn this chapter, the literature review is aimed to drink the concept, stupefys, theories and previous query to the causes and cor proportion of employee derangement. The contents focus on employee overturn, the factors that baffle the employee overturn ad hominem characteristics, argumentation triumph, arrangingal commitment and perceive alternate(a) furrow opportunities.Employee upset has been specify by Price (1977) as the movement of members across the boundary of an validation. As Mobley (1982) outlined that dollar volume is the automatic cessation of membership in an cheek by an some unrivaled who receives m peer slighttary hire for move in that organisation. This interpretation emphasises impulsive conduct because primary derangement model seek to explain what motivates employees to withdraw from the feedplace. Furtherto a greater extent, this concept focuses on separation from an organisation and non ac familiaritys accession, transfer, or other internal movements through an organisation.Moreover, there be many definitions in akin perspective from many authors as van der Merwe and Miller (1996) stated that employee overthrow is a permanent withdrawal and in like manner function of the mortal-work family. The authors emphasise that there should be a fit amongst the worker, the progressncy and the environment. If this fit is not present or available, perturbation is app bent to occur. This family relationship is considered pervasive. It nooky be affected by any or all aspects of the line of merchandise bureau, both(prenominal) inside and outside the employing organisation. Lane (2001) set forth employee turnover as the result of both quits and layoffs and further states that whatsoever turnover is a result of gambols in angiotensin-converting enzyme firm organism destroyed and speculates in another(prenominal)(prenominal) firm being created and hence cod to the reallocation of antics across the economy in resolution to transplants in crop demand.From the descriptions above, the researcher could conclude that craft turnover is when employees word of f arwell their enjoyment permanently and the entrance of spic-and-span employees to the organisation. That employee turnover basis either be plusly charged or prohibit, but all deliver a signifi rout outt jar on productivity (Boxall and Baldwin, 2002)Types of employee turnover there ar devil diverse types of employee turnover in an organisation that many authors make water identify the sp are-time activity types of employee turnoverVoluntary turnoverGomez-Mejia et al (1997) defined voluntary turnover as a separation that occurs when an employee decides for someonealized reasons to end the relationship with the employer. The conclusiveness could be ground on the employee obtaining a better line of descent, changing career, or wanting much time for family or the pres ent reflect is plain because of wretched working conditions, low pay or benefits, and bad relationship with supervisor. In near cases the decisiveness to kick in is a combination of having showy alternative opportunities and being unhappy with aspects of the current theorise. Sims (2007) conceded that voluntary turnover occurs when an employee initiates the terminal of their example of their induce free go away.Quits is one type of voluntary turnover. Grobler et al (2002) defined quits as occurring when an employee leaves the organisation without giving the normal period of notice (e.g. one month). It is usually a sudden decision by the employee. Thus, it should be noted that quits buns occur at any time and mostly when the organisation least expects it. This female genitals be serious electrical shock on the organisations total writ of execution and productivity. Although organisation can not do very much about employee quitting, they can try to retrieve the pos sible reason for leaving or for making that decision.Involuntary turnoverGomea-Mejia et al (1997) defined that spontaneous turnover occurs when man periodment decides to terminate its relationship with an employee due to economic necessity or a poor fit. The organisation or the employee cannot control this type of turnover. It is further stressed by the authors that free turnover results in very serious and painful decisions that can provoke a profound impact on the entire organisation, espacially the employee who loses his or her crease. Mkhize (1998) concedes involuntary turnover as when an employee is asked by the organisation to leave. Involuntary turnover represents employer-initiated job separations over which employee have little or no personal say, such(prenominal) as dismissal or layoffs. Sims (2007) in any case concedes that involuntary turnover arises when employment is terminated against the wishes of employees. Those authors from their definitions stress the fact t hat with this type of turnover is result from the employers decision rather than the employee. It might be employers would not want to keep poor per causations or excess manpower.The represent of employee turnoverKelly (2001) stated that employee turnover appeals are the problem that most executives are aware of but do not ac copeledge as a potential loss of revenue. A lot of disadvantages that are brought up by employee turnover are clearly evident in monetary economic value benefit analyses. Human resource mangers know that employee turnover is a major(ip) cost and significantly impacts an organisation (Irvancewich, 1994). numerous managers refuse to face up to these be, but they might be forced to do so when considering the various factors necessary to calculate the cost of employee wastage (Stewart,1998) correspond to Mitchell et al (2001), employee turnover imposes extensive cost both the private and the organisation level. At individual level, it does not matter if the person leaves voluntarily to another job or is forced to leave and take a personal toll. For organisation level, the problem arises when leaving employees take their valuable knowledge and expertness gained through exist with them. This turnover take ons to numerous be for the organisation, such asExist interview time and administrative requirementPayout of unused holiday timeCost of temporary workersOvertime for co-workersTraining costs electric switch costs, include advertising, processing of candidates, interviewing, selecting.Potter (2002) postulated that employee turnover is a critical cost driver for American business. The cost of retaining and filling vacancies, lost productivity from inert jobs and cost of reproduction sore employees increase operational costs. Elements of the cost of job turnover very widely and depend on whether all cost elements are recognised. The author further identifies trinity primary elements of employee turnover costs that include the esp ouseing Staffing CostsSometimes are have-to doe withred to as cost per hire. These include the costs of recruiting job applicants (such as advertising or job board posting, screening applicants, personal search, service brokerage fees, relocation expenses and subscribe bonuses). Vacancies cost dapple a strength is vacant the productivity of the boder employee is lost and the productivity of the overall organisation is reduced as the remain workers cope with being shorthanded. Jay (1998) referred to these as the temporary replacement costs of acquiring the work done while the post is vacant and can include overtime, temps and many others.-Training costThe replacement employees time, other employees time and valuable resources moldiness be expanded to train each employee and to facilitate the transition because no reinvigorated employee starts working at 100% efficiency. Jay (1998) added the induction costs to the fosterage and refers to this as direct costs and pay during unp roductive early stages. rock-and-roll (2002) maintained that this phase is the non-productive time because it is characterised by dislocation of the other employees work as the new employee tries to settle down and incurs the same view on the lost productivity. Thus, training costs includes an organisations expenditure to orientate and train replacements and luck costs caused by in businesslike production. The further statement identified an accompaniment of those elements as follows RedeploymentRedeployment of an existing savvy force as a result of labour turnover involves extra costs as this creates vacancies in the system. Assimilation and efficiency lost cost incurred before the new employee is fully proficient. Relocation CostsThese costs include hotel charges, direct disturbances allowance, for instance legal fees, removal fees, house purchase assistance and temporal give way subsidy of the new employee. Leaving costsThese costs are associated with creating the vacancy, th e apogee of the previous appointment, for example refunding, superannuation payments, etc. Ham Griffeth (1995) refered to the leaving costs as the separation costs and describe them as those that quitting begets directly. A right example is exit interviews that are conducted when the employee leaves the employer to determine the reason for leaving.The researcher conceded that full(prenominal) employee turnover in an organisation means increased recruitment, selection and training costs. It can also mean a disruption in the efficient running of an organisation when knowledge, experienced personnel leave and replacements use be found and prepared to assume a position of responsibility.Theories related to to employee turnoverExpectancy scheme holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected gists. Generally, expectancy theory can be used to predict demeanor in any situation in which a selection amid two or to a greater extent alt ernatives must be made. For example, it can be used to predict whether to leave or stay at a job and whether to try literal or minimal elbow grease at task (kreitner and Kinicki, 2001).Vrooms expectancy theory (1964) concord to Vroom (1964), the strength of tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of expectancy that the act testament be followed by a given outcome and on the value or attractiveness of that outcome to the actor.Motivation, harmonize to Vroom, boils down to decision of how much effort to put in specific task situation. This choice is based on a two-stage sequence of forebodings that are effort-to- consummation and performance-to-outcome. First, motivation is affected by an individuals expectation that a certain level of effort will produce the intended performance goal. Motivation also is influenced by the employees perceived chances of acquire various outcomes as a result of accomplishing his or her performance goal. Individuals are motivated to the extent that they value the outcomes received. There are three reputation concepts within Vrooms model, which are expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy fit to Vrooms expectancy theory, expectancy represents an individuals flavour that a particular degree of effort will be follow by a particular level of performance. In other words, it is an effort-to-performance expectation which refers to a degree of effort to which individual feels that it will lead to exploit of desired goal (kreitner and Kinicki, 2001) InstrumentalityInstrumentality is a performance to outcome perception. It represents a persons belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance (kreitner and Kinicki, 2001) ValenceValence refers to the positive or negative set people place on outcomes. For example, most employees have a positive valence for receiving additional money or recognition. In contrast, job stress and being laid off would plausibly be negatively valence for most individuals. In Vrooms expectancy theory, outcomes refer to different consequences that are contingent on performance, such as pay, promotion, or recognition. An outcomes valence depends on a individuals need (kreitner and Kinicki, 2001)Peter and Edward Lawlers Expectancy supposition (1969)Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler III developed an expectancy theory of motivation that broaden Vrooms expectancy theory. This theory attempted to identifies the source of peoples valences and expectancies and link effort with performance and job satisfaction. There are three key variables which are predictors of effort, predictors of performance and predictors of reward and satisfaction (kreitner and Kinicki, 2001). Predictors of effortEffort is a function of perceived value of reward which represents the rewards valence and the perceived effort to reward probability. Employees will exhibit to a greater extent effort when they believe they will receive values rewards f or task accomplishment. Predictors of performancePerformance determined by more than effort. The relationship between effort and performance is contingent on an employees abilities and traits and berth perceptions. That is, employees with higher(prenominal) abilities attain higher performance for a given level of effort than employees with less ability. Similarly, effort results in higher performance when employees clearly rede and are comfortable with their roles. This occurs because effort is channels into the most primary(prenominal) job activities or tasks. Predictors of rewards and satisfactionEmployees receive both constitutional and foreign rewards for performance. intimate rewards are self- granted and consist of intangible such as a sense of accomplishment and achievement. Extrinsic rewards are tangible outcomes such as pay and public recognition. In turn, job satisfaction is determined by employees perceptions of the equity of the rewards received. Employees are more satisfied when they feel equitably rewards. Finally, employees upcoming effort to reward probabilities is influenced by past experience with performance and rewards.Models of employee turnoverTo reinforce the previous definitions of employee turnover Man Sararat (1984) stated that a labour force movement was a process whereby labourers would make decision in regard to where and when they would work. It means the labourers choose their own employers and locations where they will work, and whitethorn change their jobs and companies as many times as the wish.Personal characteristicsThe concept of personal characteristicThe personal factors include individual qualities that can be viewed as personal traits the employee possesses and which are distinctive to the individual (Harmse, 1999). The author further insist that it has to do with what and who the individual is within his total being and which guide his behavior or functioning. According to the researcher, the employees general outlook on life is one of the major factors that influence employee turnover. An employee with a high self-esteem, confidence in his or her abilities and with a positive outlook on life is more in all probability to stay than the one with a negative military posture. Thus, these factors are inherent in tender behavior. The chase are the personal factors that influences employee turnover as identified by different authors.relationship between personal characteristics and employee turnoverA large number of research studies have identified the importance of individual or personal characteristic factors as predictors of employee turnover (Arnold Feldman, 1982 Cotton Tuttle, 1986 leeward Mowday, (1987). Among the characteristics most commonly examined are age, genteelness, and tenure (length of time a person has worked in an organisation) (McBey Karakowsky, 2000 Mowday, 1982)The personal characteristic differences had been identified as potentially most-valuable correlates of turnover. This was because gender and age may be important negative correlates of turnover intention and turnover (Thatcher et al., 2003). Various studies had attempted to look beyond the handed-down relationship theorised between job satisfaction and voluntary turnover. Gleser (1990) states that sex, race and age variables should be considered since minority group may face discriminatory practices and may approach job satisfaction differently than more normative groups. time and employee turnoverDrafke and Kossen (2002) maintained that employee turnover typically increases with age. Older employees have more work experience. They have a better understanding of what work necessarily can satisfy and overall they have a more lifelike view of work and life. Young employees have comparatively little or no job experience with which to compare their current jobs and because of this they are more plausibly to substitute the opinions of other people, their own beliefs about other peopl es jobs and their own idealistic views of what should be their lack of experience.In another way, Younger employees had more entry-level job opportunities and few family responsibilities, thus making job mobility easier. They may also have inaccurate expectation regarding working, which are not fulfilled in their early jobs (Porter Steers, 1973 Wanous, 1980). Therefore, younger employees are more possible to terminate their employment than older employees. Furthermore, Mc McCullough (2002) who stressed that age is a widely cognize factor that influences employee turnover. The author further states that the younger employee, the stronger likelihood of employee quit. The longer that employee stays, the more turnover risk goes down. Similarly older employees are less likely to quit than younger ones, as younger ones are more likely to take employment risks and hop to other jobs. The author still concedes that research has confirmed that the older employee, the lower likelihood of q uitting. Education and employee turnover incomplete a strong nor a consistent relationship between education and turnover is evident in the literature (Mobley, 1979 Price, 1977). Since many turnover studies are based on individuals with similar educations, a relation between turnover and education is difficult to establish. However, Arnold and Feldman (1982) and Brief and Aldag (1980) stated that education is positively related to employee turnover.Wong et al. (1999) found that individuals with higher education levels are better informed of the alternative opportunities available in the external labour market. Managers with high educational qualifications, by virtue of their high employability, they are greater discretion in their choice to turnover. If mangers perceive that reward levels are not commensurate with education or human capital value and performance levels, it is likely that they will report a greater number of turnover cognitions (Trevor et al., 2007) Tenure and employ ee turnoverAccording to streers (1997) and Mobley (1982), there are many research studies which suggest that a negative relationship exists between tenure and turnover. The research has indicated that relatively high turnover occurs among new employees (Mobley, 1982). It should be noted that tenure has been considered as a covariant of age (Bedeian et al., 1992 Kacmar Ferris, 1989), and consequently its influence is similar to that of age. As an employees tenure increases, the formal benefits (e.g. compensation and promotions) and informal benefits (e.g. status) also increase. Given these issues, employees with higher tenure are less likely to leave their organisation for fear of losing these benefits upon entry into a new organisation (Hellman, 1997). antic satisfactionThe description of job satisfactionThere are many authors define job satisfaction in the literature. Job satisfaction is influenced by economic factors such as pay, benefit and rewords as well as structural and proc edural factors reflecting autonomy or fairness. Hersey and Blanchard (1993) defined the job satisfaction is a consequence of the past which refer to employees smell about the reward they have received when comparison with work role input and its outcome. Robbins (1996) conceded that job satisfaction refer to a collecting attitude toward ones job which is different between the amount of rewards workers receive and the amount that they should receive.Mitchell et al (2001) stated that employees who feel satisfied with their jobs have a positive experience of their pay, supervision, chances for promotion, work environment, clear roles and met expectations.Furthermore, Weiss and Cropanzano (1998) stated that job satisfaction represents a persons evaluation of his or her job and work context. It is an appraisal of the perceive job characteristics and horny experiences at work. Satisfied employees have a favorable evaluation of their job based on their observation and emotional experien ces. In the same way, Schermerhorn et al (2000) define job satisfaction as the degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about their jobs. It is an attitude or emotional response to ones tasks as well as to the physical and social conditions of workplace.According to Locke (1976), job satisfaction is really a collection of attitudes about specific facets of the job. Employees can satisfy with some elements of the job while simultaneously dissatisfy with others. distinct type of satisfaction will lend to different intention and behavior (McShane and Glinow, 2002). To access ones job satisfaction, five facets of job satisfaction should be mensurable following (Kreitner and Kinicki, (2001) Work- itself (job)Harmse (1999) depict a job as a position within an organisation depending on the scope of the organisation, which can be as small as one. The author still mension that it can also be viewed as a group of positions that are nearly as like with respect to primary d uties and tasks that are sufficiently similar to be include in less than one title. Kolen (1997) argued that a job is fully specified. Kolen (1997) defined the job as the kind and amount of work to be performed by a person or a piece of equipment within a given time period. The author still maintains that every(prenominal) well-conceived job definition should always consist of two parts namelyJob description- This is a detailed statement of the content of the job in terms of major tasks the sequence of those tasks and the conditions under which they will be performed. Mondy Premeaux (1994) described job description as a document that describes the tasks and responsibilities of a job and its relationships to other jobs. According to Harmse (1999), the job descriptions are beneficial for both the individual employee and the organisation. . According to Harmse (1999), the job descriptions are beneficial for both the individual employee and the organisation. The author further identif ies the following advantagesThe employee has a concise picture of why he or she is employed,The employee can easily identify how he or she will be assessed,The parameters of empowerment and accountability are clear,Given the big picture, i.e. the mission statements, the value of this specific position for the organisation can be identified,It assists in placing the right person in the right position,There is more efficiency and effectiveness throughout the organisation as tasks and responsibilities are identified.Job specification- This states the qualification an individual must posses to perform the job. Mondy Premeaus (1994) viewed a job specification as the minimum pleasing qualifications a person possess to perform a particular job.Luthans (1992) allude that work-itself is one of the major source of satisfaction. In additional, some of the most important ingredients of satisfying job included interesting and challenge work, work that not boring and a job that provided statu s.Van Dyk (2001) stressed that any job should have key characteristics that directly affect employee performance and satisfaction and thus in turn influences job turnover. The authors further identify the following three job characteristicsVariety-refers to the number of different tasks and activities included in the job.Challenge- is the level of bother of job tasks and activities.Autonomy-refers to the extent to which an employee can carry out his/her tasks independently on the job.The job that does not consist of the above job characteristics will not seem to have any meaning. Employees would what to do the job that is exciting and be able to use their abilities in doing it. Without these, chances of employees leaving their employers are accelerated. Payperceived competitiveness of pay refers to employees perceptions that salaries are PromotionLuthans (1995) described promotional opportunities as advancement in the hierarchy. Nel (2001) ascertained that a promotion occurs when a n employee is moved from one job to another that is higher in pay, responsibility or organisation seniority. Various approaches can be used to promote employees and this can be based on the persons promotion potential, ontogeny needs and talent shortages in the organisation.Skidmore (1995) stated that promotions are important in the functioning of the organization. Nearly every employee wants to move ahead, both in position and in salary. The procedures and standards for promotion should be clearly defined through sound administration. Co-workerAccording to Robbins (2001), human need social interaction from their workplace in supporting, cooperate, comfort, advice, and assistance to the individual work. Therefore, to have friendly and supportive co-workers could lead to increase job satisfaction. shot (2007) concedes that perception of co-worker integration and cohesiveness among peers directly affects job satisfaction. In the opposite way, turnover tends to increase for employees who are dissatisfied with their co-workers (Watt and White, 1988). SupervisorLewis Souflee (1994) described that supervision is process that involves helping a less experienced person increase his or her effectiveness in service delivery. Through the fomite of supervisory relationship, the supervisor provides support and encouragement, helps build skills and competences and oversees the supervisees work.According to Luthans (1992), supervisor is another moderately important source of job satisfaction. To the extent that supervisor provides skillful assistance and behavioral support such as treated employees fairly, offers acclaim for good performance, listens to employeesKadushin (1992) stressed that supervision in an organisation is important because it enhances the esprit de corps of the staff while maintaining the system meaning supervisee are supervised jibe to their different levels. For example, the less experienced tend to be supervised correspond to tutorial model, whe reas those with more experience achieve similar purpose through case consultation, peer group consultations, peer group interaction, staff development programs and work teams. Skidmore, Thackery Farley (1997) shared this view by mentioning that supervision is a major part of work because it is concerned with helping the staff to use their knowledge and skills in getting the job done efficiently and well.Theories related to job satisfactionLuthans (1995) conceded that Herzbergs two factor motivational theories cast a new life on the content of work motivation. The theory offers an explanation specifically to the work place and job design (Grobler et al 2002). Robbins (1993) stated that Herzberg believed an individuals relation to his or her work is a basic one and that his or her attitude towards his work can very well determine the individual achiever or failure, and referred to this as motivation-hygienics theory.Herzberg concluded that there is a relation between job satisfiers and job content job dissatisfiers are allied to pixie on text. The author named the motivation factors satisfiers and called dissatisfiers hygiene factors. The hygiene factors are impeding because they can prevent dissatisfaction and are environmental in nature, and therefore are roughly equivalent to Maslows lower level needs (Luthans 1995). The motivators are indwelling and related to job satisfaction for example achievement, recognition, and the work-itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth. The hygiene factors are extrinsic and comprise company policy, administration supervision, salary, interpersonal relations and working conditions.Robbins (2001) postulated that according to Herzberg, the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore managers who seek to eliminate factors that create job dissatisfaction can bring about peace, but not necessarily motivation. Thus, managers who hire requital will be placating their workforce rather than motivating them. It is evidenct that the Herzberg two factor motivational theories indicate that the more resources are poured down the hygiene drain for example increasing fringe benefits, the more resources will be needed in future. This is because with hygiene factors, ever-increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect. A classic example is the issue of salary that never seems to be resolved employees will still be discontent over payoff even after concluding salary negotiations.As indicated earlier, motivators are intrinsic in nature and reflect the work content of the job. The supervisor cannot propagate them to the employees but they are controlled by employees and are administered personally. It is evident that no one can give another person the satisfaction that comes from accomplishing a curiously challenging job.According to the researcher, the need to motivate workers is a very of the essence(p) one. Motivation is r equired if the workers are to make a significant impact on their work given the limited budgets they operate on and the very difficult circumstances. In any situation, every employer would like to have employees who are motivated to do their work efficiently and effectively. This bears fruitful results and enhances organisational productivity and a lot of problems associated with de-motivation like absenteeism and late coming can be avoided.Relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnoverDuring the past century, a human body of conceptual models for the turnover process have been developed (Lambert et al., 2001). It has been extensively studied, both as a dependent and independent variable. In 1976, Locke estimated the number or articles and dissertations transaction in some manner with the subject of job satisfaction to be over 3,300. By 1996, Spector estimated that the number of studies that have incorporated job satisfaction in some manner to be over 12,000. While the se models have diverse origins from a wide array of disciplines, many researchers have theorized that job satisfaction is a key antecedent of worker turnover (Mobley et al., 1979 Price Mueller, 1986 Williams Hazer, 1986).Roznowski and Hulin (1992) contended that overall job satisfaction measures are the most informatory data a manager or researcher can have for predicting employee behavior. Further, it has been theorised that high levels of job dissatisfaction lead to employee withdrawal, particularly in terms of voluntary turnover.According to Danserau et al. (1974), Mitchell (1981), Porter and Steers (1973), job satisfaction has been related to turnover. Muchinsky and Tuttle (1979) analysed nineteen articles dealing with job satisfaction and turnover. Overall, there was a negative relationship between job satisfaction and turnover although the strength of the relationship varied form study to study. In general, satisfied workers are less likely to leave their jobs than those wi th high job satisfaction quotients. The review noted that the relationship remained immutable over different types of samples, organisations, and measures of job satisfaction (Birdseye Hill, 1995).Organisationa

Examining The Online TOC Analysis Techniques Information Technology Essay

Examining The Online TOC Analysis Techniques Information applied science EssayThe hold talks ab business office implementing modifyd online TOC analyses at different headsprings of routine, comparing it to off-line science lab TOC abstract techniques in terms of cost, setup, implementation and operation. The ruseicle stresses on seeling the TOC quality attribute for the release of PW and WFI for product manufacturing cropes. It alike talks about effective restrictive residence and validation, as nearly as effective management of body of pee carcass remains. It talks separately about the get it on of the TOC musical instrument, its response efficiency and governance suitableness and acceptability smacks, as easy as the pee screen in terms in light-headed of the current USP, EP regulations. It then talks about implementing vomit up initiatives with the white plague of sensors to automate release of weewee for the online TOC compend, discussing differ ent configurations setups.BackgroundCurrently in industry, the use of offline examination ground TOC analysers is much to a greater extent than common as comp atomic number 18d to online TOC analysers. The industry feels no need to improve on existing dodges or cultivatees. Companies tend to revolve around on quick and easy validation quite an than effective validation. examen ground TOC analysers atomic number 18 utilize for fulfilling restrictive requirements, QC approval of piss TOC attribute. They argon mediocre for fulfilling USP and EP regulations, for dealing with many body of pissing waves, and for cleaning validation too. As companies be required to determine bacteria, endotoxins for different pissing supply use points by default, TOC samples construct to be collected analyzed with laboratory TOC analyzers. At times, it is even voiceless to do the System suitableness Test on online TOC analyzers for quality bureau demonstrating acceptable TOC analysis. The initial capital cost for implementing machine-driven online TOC system for urine release crowd out be high up-ticket(prenominal), and if the system is not healthful understood, that good deal cause a push-down store of additional problems and expenses. These are some of the reasons wherefore many companies refuse to convert to on-line TOC analysis for weewee release. For offer the TOC attribute mental screening to send the water for manufacturing surgical procedurees, both the water organism tested and the analyzer suitability, acceptability criteria must be fulfilled.The System Suitability Testing is not explained by USP or EP. The System Suitability testing frequency is determined by user, and the factors for determining it are the water utilize betwixt SS testing, costs of SS testing, reliability of analyzer to lam the test and inside risk assessment of product comed. The suitability of TOC Analyzers is determined by third solutions a blank, suc rose at 0.5mg.C/L and 1,4 benzoquin nonpareil at 0.5mg.C/L. victimization these pieces of information, the response efficiency kitty be calculated. If the TOC analyzer response is greater than 85% and less than 115%, the analyzer has passed the test. The regulatory requirements for the water to pass are if its concentration is less than the concentration of sucrose subtracted from the blank. The system suitability test compares the reco actu both in all toldy of the analyzer for an easy-to-oxidize sucrose and a hard-to-oxidize (1,4 benzoquinone) standard. The relationship of the item-by-item recoveries must be periodically demonstrated and fall within specify limits.3 In addition to the required system suitability test, an on-line instrument bequeath require periodic calibration and verification.For acceptable water test cores acceptability, so it so-and-so be sent for the manufacturing performancees the suitability and acceptability of the analyzer must be demonstrated bot h before (initial suitability test) and afterward water testing (final suitability test). This is where a lot of failures digest pop off in both the offline and online TOC analyzer systems. further in the case of online TOC analyzer systems, once the process and its sources of variations are understood properly, in that respect is a rattling minimal chance that the system suitability tests will fail.Discussion nearly of the advantages automate on-line TOC analysis systems have over off-line laboratory TOC analysis systems are riddance of manual(a) sampling errors. Sampling is the field of honor where most(prenominal) errors take place in Analysis. TOC analyses before sending the water for manufacturing processes is extremely sensitive. It is imperative to have extremely accurate analysis for the stridements of TOC in the water, as it will have a huge impact on the processes since water is utilize everywhere in the form of tiny utilities. It is of import that there ar e essentially no inaccuracies in its measurements. The on-line TOC analysis if implemented correctly squeeze out do that, but an off-line laboratory TOC analyzer ejectnot. The former(a) advantage that an on-line TOC analyzer has over an off-line is that it firmness of purposes in process automation, which firmnesss in less utilization of connection resources that can be deployed elsewhere, as well as decreasing the operating costs. Online analyzers are in like manner better for repetitive, routine TOC testing requirements.In the past, pharmaceutical companies apply to rely on lab TOC analyzers to meet USP, EP or JP requirements for PW and WFI release. However, by implementing an flack centered round the use of cat initiatives, as well as a real-time release program use an on-line TOC analyzer, companies are realizing the benefits of reduced cost, reduced waste and improved unanimity of quality production. on-line TOC analyzers allow re-foc utilise of lab resources to oth er more life-sustaining quality control and product development activities, while maintaining better regulatory residencyThe critical factors for implementing on-line TOC are regulatory expectations, reliability, analytical performance, ease of use and elimination of manual errors.By apply online TOC analyzers quite of offline laboratory TOC analyzers, we are removing the most common source of error in chemical analysis, which greatly helps us increase the analytical performance of the online TOC analyzer, increase the ease of use, and eliminate manual errors from the system. By using a dual (2) on-line analyzers in a single loop, we are increasing the robustness and reliability of the online TOC analysis system. vengeance on investment is also achieved in 1 years time. This is discussed later in the paper in more depth.To attend how to implement the automated online TOC analyzer system for the release of water successfully and effectively, we have to understand the sources of variation for TOC quality attributes, as well the critical parameters and quality attributes, the manufacturing process itself, and learn how to control all of these as well as the in-process water coming from the source raw water feed.This fits in perfectly with the tap initiative that quality must be built into a system or a process rather than tested into it, as well as understanding and effectively controlling the process, by analyzing and controlling it by timely measurements of critical quality and performance attributes of its source feeds. All of this will lead to a better controlled, effective and optimized design of the system or process, and this will in turn result in the superior products. If one takes out drug product and raw visibles from the context of the definition of the PAT and replaces it with water (PW or WFI), the idea of PAT can be apply to on effectively implementing an automated online TOC analysis system that will result in the like advantages. Using the PAT initiatives for automated online TOC analysis for water release can also greatly help in the regulatory requirements that need to be fulfilled as well.The concept of PAT also encourages scientific, risk-managed pharmaceutical development, quality assurance. Less rejects, reprocessing improves the efficiency of the process, which in turn increases capacity. As WFI water is extremely expensive and is the most common excipient, and ingredient in drug manufacturing the company must crystallize sure that not a lot of it is rejected before the manufacturing process and/or wasted, and/or is reprocessed instead of being wasted. This also perfectly aligns to the PAT initiatives.The PAT concept encourages the company to manage variability instead of rejecting it. Some of the sources of variability in online TOC analysis systems are a) source water or raw water feed. This has a huge effect on the final TOC. b) PW WFI storage tanks c) Distillation unit of measurements PW is supplied to it to get WFI. TOC can leak into WFI if main distillation unit develops heat money changer leak depending on TOC quality.The PAT requirements for water release system are understanding of TOC or conductivity removal/addition processes and the sources of conductivity/TOC. The role of critical TOC and conductivity control points, implementation of TOC and conductivity analyzers, as well as requirements for the control system is social occasion of the PAT initiative. There also needs to be a control element (manual or automatic) for water release.In implementing the PAT initiative, the component of real time release includes assessed material attributes and process controls. Combined process measurements and test data gathered during manufacturing process is utilise for real time release for final release of product, and this demonstrates compliance with regulatory quality attributes.Online TOCs analyzers measure TOC representing a particularised point of use. So the acceptabil ity of on-line TOC analyzers for TOC attributes testing depends on its location in system. pawn responses at a point of locations should reflect quality of water used at that point. For on-line TOC analyzers, the value of TOC with released water depends on the time musical interval between consecutive SS Tests. SS tests should take place continually as coarse time intervals between consecutive SS tests results in failure (Out of Specification results).The online TOC analyzers can be set up in different ways and configurations for testing the water TOC. It is important to set up the equipment correctly and calibrate it, because it is part of the Installation arriere pensee (IQ). If the IQ is not done correctly, it will result in the failing of the System Suitability test and acceptability test for water and/or on-line analyzer, which representation a failed Operational Qualification (OQ). Equipment can be installed and operational, but the final steps to release the water to prod uction may not be implemented. This results in the failure of the cognitive operation Qualification (PQ) for that system, because the wrong IQ and OQ took place.The cheapest way for an online TOC analysis is using a single online TOC analyzer on the exit of the distribution loop just before return to the storage tank, and the laboratory TOC analyzer is the easing to the online TOC system. Unfortunately, this method is also the least robust, because if this one online TOC analyzer does not pass the system suitability test, the process will lose its automation. However, if the akin analytical quantity technology is used for both analyzers, the potential instrument response variances between the two analyzers is eliminated, which means the off-line laboratory TOC analyzer can be used to determine at which point of use the online TOC analyzer went wrong, by comparing the TOC analysis values of the online and offline TOC analyzers. Comparing the two readings from the analyzer can al so be used to fulfill the Performance Qualification (PQ) requirements. But this would require very frequent sampling on the lab TOC analyzer, there is a chance that the exact point and time of failure, where the on-line TOC failed the SS test cannot be determined effectively.The most robust and secure method is using dual on-line TOC analysis system. To achieve this kind of setup, two on-line TOC analyzers must be installed onto a single distribution loop. If one of the TOC fails the SS test when it is releasing the water and if it can be proven that the 2 TOC analyzers on the distribution line are measuring the same water the other TOC analyzer will divine service as a backup and make sure that the TOC analysis and the release of the water is still automated. There is very less likelihood that both TOC analyzers fail the SS test at the same time. A laboratory off-line TOC can also be used again for PQ purposes. But it is imperative that both the analyzers are measuring the same w ater and its TOC for one to be used as a backup for the other. If it is not, there is a chance that unacceptable is being released for manufacturing processes.As mentioned in the paper before, as the testing of its TOC critical attributes depends on the point of use, the TOC(s) can be used in any kind of arrangement to serve different purposes, such(prenominal) as ensure the various components in the loop (such as the Distillation or other water purification systems) are working correctly or not. The diagram below the PW feed termination into the line, and the WFI feed coming out from the distillation unit. One TOC analyzer is connected to the PW feed line, the other one is connected to the WFI feed line. Comparing the readings from both these TOC analyzers can tell whether the distillation unit is working correctly or not. There might be a risk that the distillation unit or distribution loop is adding TOC to the water as a result of system failure, which means that the backup TO C is not fulfilling its purpose.The full point of using an on-line TOC analysis system over an off-line lab TOC analyzer is for the purpose of the recirculation of the PW or WFI. If the water is needed for a specific point of use in an off-line lab analyzer, the water will be manually taken and sampled on the off-line TOC analyzer. If that sample fails, essentially the whole stream of water most probably fails too. If the off-line lab analyzer fails or the water test fails, all that water which is very expensive will go to waste, and will not be recirculated. In the online TOC analyzer system, once it has been figured out where (at which points of use, if it is being added) TOC is being added to the water that is remedied. When that has been resolved, all the sources of variability have been identify all the components are installed and functioning correctly, the water can be recirculated over and over, making this a continuous automated process. The storage tank will always be fil led because when the water is being distributed from the storage tank to various points of use, the WFI feed coming out the distillation unit will always be filling up the lost water.Implementing the PAT initiative into the automated online TOC analysis also means implementation of automated real time TOC release systems, computer, data acquisition, process sensors, process equipment process analytical instrumentation integrated into a world-wide management system. The comprehensive management system ensures continual operation process within prescribed limits to ensure quality. Supervisory Control and Data acquirement Systems (SCADA), distributed control systems (DCS), Facility Monitoring Systems (FMS), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) are other tools that can be used as well. PAT guidance documents aid operation, control, monitor water systems integrating automation, sensory data, feedback mechanisms with target to implement PAT online ins trumentation for automatic formal QC water release to production.Proven technology allows for the automation of standards introduction and data management. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one such technology, and standards can be loaded into the TOC analyzer and processed mechanically to produce results. The figure below shows an automated standards introduction system in an on-line TOC analyzerRFID is a well known technology that is currently used in the pharmaceutical industry as a preventative measure against counterfeiting. It uses an RFID tag that comprises of a microchip, substrate and an antenna) and a reader/writer. The RFID tag is programmed with all the data related to a specific standard, including the contents of the bottle, certified concentration, lot number and expiration date.Once the RFID tag aligns with the reader/writer, the data is automatically transferred to the analyzer. There is no need for any manual input here. The plainly thing someone has to do is simplified through an easy to use and understand touch-screen man-machine interface (MMI)Problems can arise in online TOC analysis system if contaminants enter the water systems that are harmful for the system operating. Even though current water system technology produces very consistent and reliable results, digressions can occur. expeditions are discrepancies from normal water system operating conditions. When an despatch occurs, that means that quality of water produced is questionable. If there is pleasure trip in the system, it is a good idea to obtain a sample of water from the system on which an independent analysis can be done. Analysis of the water sample can provide information about why the excursion occurred, and that would help in rectifying the problem of excursion.Some TOC analyzers use methods to separate compounds that are not expected to come in contact with process water from the analysis. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are susceptible to damage from chori nes and chloramine by-products in disinfection process. If centilitre or any of its biproducts cracks into the water system or even has a small presence of it that means that the system has failed. If a TOC analyzer is designed to separate these compounds from the analysis, it will only hide the problem and will not rectify it in any way. TOC analyzers designed to respond to contamination by the presence of these compounds in the process water, by capturing a sample of water but only if that sample is equipped with excursion monitoring capability. This helps the water system engineer to identify the problem and rectify it. A TOC analyzer equipped with an OASIS may be configured for excursion monitoring. Excursion monitoring is defined as the ability to extract and save a sample of water from process water right after a pre-programmed water condition such as such as high TOC levels, water conductivity with regard to USP limits, water chemistries deemed wrong by analyzer and his anal ysis, have been implemented.Using this technology, problems with process water can be identified well before limits have been exceeded, with ability to program a specific TOC level that must be exceeded for excursion convey. In case of the assignment of an excursion in the process water, the analyzer will immediately capture a sample of water directly from the water system and place it in an empty bottle, equipped with an RFID tag that has been loaded into the analyzer. Upon sample capture, all the data associated with the excursion is recorded on the RFID tag using the make-up capability of the RFID reader/writer. The integration of the RFID with excursion monitoring enables that the data associated with captured excursion water is protected and cannot be changed. A lab equipped with the divert RFID reading capability, has the ability to read the tag and associate the data with the water sample, such as the serial number of the analyzer, date, time, last TOC, conductivity and t emperature values. Because of this image of analysis for the process water, better understanding for the reasons for the cause of the excursion can be identified. As the excursion capture is initiated by the TOC analyzer results, the sample is as indicative of the water condition as possible.The PAT enables application program of risk-based approaches to enhance quality of a process. By applying excursion monitoring capability, risks associated with producing off-spec water is greatly reduced. The TOC analyzer becomes a water system diagnostic tool, rather than just a regulatory sensor to monitor TOC limits.SummaryIn the past, pharmaceutical companies used to rely on lab TOC analyzers to meet USP, EP or JP requirements for PW and WFI release. However, by implementing an approach centered round the use of PAT initiatives, as well as a real-time release program using an on-line TOC analyzer, companies are realizing the benefits of reduced cost, reduced waste and improved consistency of quality production. On-line TOC analyzers allow re-focusing of lab resources to other more critical quality control and product development activities, while maintaining better regulatory compliance. This conversion of approach from a simple reproduction to a more risk based approach which reduces variability (instead of rejecting it) enables the implementation of new technologies and more cost effective measures, which in turn results in more good and effective processes and higher quality products. With the advent of the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Quality by Design (QbD) approaches, the desire is to evolve pharmaceutical processes from an art to a science with engineering-based activity, application of enhanced science and engineering acquaintance in regulatory decision-making, establishment of specifications and evolution of manufacturing processes. With the advent of new technologies such as RFID and MMI, the automated process has been simplified, been made more effective. With excursion monitoring, a TOC analyzer becomes more than just a TOC sensor for regulatory purposes. It becomes a tool that minimizes the risk of falling out of specification. Implementing new technologies through PAT allows the addition of true value wherever traditional regulatory compliance is required.I believe there is a lot to be well-read and implemented on this affair in industry. I found the topic highly important and of high learning. I hope to work in a pharmaceutical company that can implement such initiatives in water systems.

Analysis of Tescos Stakeholders

Analysis of Tescos Stake operateersTesco is a shopping mart where we can acquire our essential things. It can as well as be define as a global grocery and general merchandising vendor headquartered in UK. sir jacklight Cohen founded Tesco in 1919, when he began to sell surplus pabulum stuff from a st only in the East End of London. Tesco first appe atomic number 18d above a shop in Edgw be in 1929 and since then the company has grown and developed.Tesco is the triplet largest retailer in the world mea indisputabled by income Tesco private modified corporation (PLC) is the major super mart in UK wihich has 29% of partake ins in market copmapred to other companies like adsa which has 17% shares in market. PLC is private express company which has limited millstone in UK and not allow to stretch forth its shares to public.Private. A public company does not much care approximately increase as it is providing the goods or service for the public. Public companies will not have t o worry whether making make or not beca drop they are providing a service to the public.Purpose of tesco is to bear money and invest and change theatrical role products.and provide reliable materials to consumers. Why do Tesco equal? Tesco exist to provide the goods and services to state earning money and profits from employment .it provides jobs for trainers Tesco provides day by day need Products that customers demand like food, clothes, Home electircs,Sound and vision ,Bed and bath, Furniture and kitchen, attire and jewellery, Toys and gift, Baby and toddlers, Garden needs.products and services supplied at profit , at speak to and below cost Tesco is acquire profit by introducing new brands and also selling goods at lease.tehy are getting profit on products by turn ining them to other countries and at whole sale. they can sell products by introducing off packages to customers at low harms for a specific duration which essence to making them as a regular customers to gain profit in future. and also out of seasons sale which shows selling at low cost.Objectives of TESCO As TESCO is one of UK leading food retailers, with 519 stores England, Scotland and Wales.105 stores in France operated by Catteau and 44 in Hungary.Tesco meets the need of customers by low prices, product feeling, choice, facilities and services to avail from home.Tesco is develop the talents workers through sound management and instruct practices,. Tesco maintaining its relationships with supplier by quality and price criteria. Tesco is co operating on making of food in indus tense .Provides good environment and protection.Ownership can be delimit as Employee or executive who has the principle responsibility for a pipeline, or projectThe public sector in this type of ownership only British people can get ownership in tesco to gain profit. fix Traders controlled and financed by one person. least expensive form of ownership to organize. repair proprietors receive all inc ome generated by the business to custody or reinvest. Partnerships contains 2 -20 members who share their assets and profits from business. Public special(a) Companies (PLCs) shares to the general public it contains marginal of 2 yet no maximum number of shareholders Private Limited Companies contains financed and controlled by between 2 and 50 shareholders. Franchises .A business which has bought the right to lot under established namein different cities.e.g mcdonalds,KFC. Co-operatives It contains Groups of people who enter business and share the benefits sustomers Co-operatives, Producer Co-operatives, Worker Co-operatives. Charitable trust for helping famines and collect notes from rich .and also receive funds from GOVT.P2 The Stakeholders of each OrganizationStakeholder is a person, congregation or placement that has impart and indirect position in composition. it is affected by organizations rules, polices and decisions. internal stakeholders. They work inside the Te sco e.g employee, owners.External stakeholders embrace groupstrades unionsemployeegovernmentlocal and national communitesStakeholders in business organisation supplierOwnersGovernmentCreditorsCustomerDirectorsWorkersCommunityUnionsKey stakeholders in a business organizationCustomers. These are the people who buy products from shops ans to save lives of poverty-stricken people. customers want reliable products and at low prices.Employees includes directors, owners, managing directorsDirectors They have a direct financial stake in the business because they have taken a risk by investing in the businessManagers They are responsible for obtaining conclusions creating atmosphere of work among workers of Tesco, each managers has handles accounting, law marketing, gross sales productionSuppliers they supply products to Tesco at commercial level. They supply goods to different branches. They always be in touch with tesco to supply products.Owners they are the business, assets holder, a nd comprises the workers.pressure groups not put up candidates for election, but seeks to influence government policy rules.Trade unions function is discuss pay and working conditions and creates discipline among workers Employee Associations they set up pay packages and employees for resolving argument. wag of DirectorsFinance surgical incisionMarketing sales departmentProduction departmentFinance managerAccountantMarketing managerArea sales managerSales staffProduction managerProduction supervisory programProduction workersHuman resource departmentHuman resource managerClerical assistantICT departmentBoard of director is a group of people nominated by the owners of a business who have decision-making authority, pick out authority specific responsibilities which in each case is separate and clean-cut from the authority and responsibilities of owners and managers of the business entity.Finance department is to keep control over the use of funds in the organisation i.e. the funds are using gibe to the planing and accord with the organisational objectives.Finance manager participates in preparation of financial reports, direct enthronization activities, and implement cash management strategies.Accountant helps managers to make reports, coronations (savings), and tax implementations.handles profit deprivation details,cost production,financial statements.Marketing sales department function is to understand users requirments/needs and assemble their needs merely with high- quality goods and respond to a customer interrogative sentence correctly. Sales managerSell products and services to the customer in order for the business to keep on running and become the number one retailer.they make products forthcoming for future customers and existing customers.Production Tesco is to make sure that the goods of Tesco are produced on beat and is in a suitable quality for the customers.and maintain furniture.Production manager manages all kind of goods should read y at customers needs.and at given time and at exact time and standard.Production workers made goods according to the user demands and works exactly in uniform way.Human resources aim to make sure that businesses keep hold of good experienced staff and let go of poor staf they work internally in business Human resources aim to make sure that businesses good experienced staff and let go of poor staf They deliberate with the workforce, planning, recruitment, training and paying issues.ICT (International Computers and Tabulators) Its main function is to check that all selective information of Tesco is stored properly. all computer software are working, all business websites are accessing.(tescopls.com)P4 Tesco Mission and valuesPlanning, calculating and the passing of information form allude is called mission. Tescos mission is to earn profit and sale pure goods. and to sale goods online by using website tesco.com and public dealing in good manner to make regular customers And create significance for customers to earn their lifetime reliability. determineValues of an organization defines it standards.they show Respect to each othersTry to give their surpassWant to be energetic and fit.Tesco strategies to become are successful planetary trader , To become famous business party. To be good food provider To put community at the heart of what we do.Objectives Tesco increasing customers by offering buy 1 get 1 free.Tesco offers best rational prices. Tesco meets the need of customers opinions regarding advance, product quality, choice, store facilities and service Tesco is the main profitable investment with progressive return. Tesco is developing the talents of its people through sound management and training practices, while rewarding them fairly with equal opportunities for all. Tesco maintaining its relationships with supplier (product makers) on grim quality and price criteria. Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry. Provides good environment and protectionStrategic Planning Tesco is try to make shopping easy and comfortable.Seeking to low price to help people and so they spend less.Taking simplicity and importance to complicated markets.Smart objectives of Tesco particularised Tesco wants to make profit its saleMeasurable Tesco is leading in business by its major shares in marketAchievable tesco achieve its goal by increasing its customers and making profitsTesco has achieved it by good quality productsRealistic tesco is third big company in worldM1 floor of Views of different stakeholdersDirectors the business through meetings with top managers and managing stretegies for progress of tesco.Employees should work heavy(a) on making good quality products that will make profit and also increase pay and conditions of Employees and also helpful for safety, health and gift arrangements.Customers views are to getting latest brands and saving by low price products.D1 Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in one or ganizationStakeholders stand for great influence in organization. Developing countries employees make natty clothes and brands to exert little power over their employers to give them jobs and getting new products.Owners are the organizations main stakeholders and gain profit and pays all bills and wages to workers and remain profit shares with shareholdersdirectors pay attention to make strategy and decisions regarding organization Government influences by law rights to change behaviour of environmental or health and safety. Employees exert main role in business profit or loss. When the economy is active they work hard and make extra products.Customers also create great influence within an organization. By get products from store or online at low prices.

Qualitative Research in Geography: An Overview

Qualitative Research in geographics An OverviewGeography seems to be one of those disciplines that shifts its interest from one perspective to another without necessarily changing its central research questions. Qualitative methods have long been apply within the discipline of human geography. However, it was not until recently that they have reverse sufficiently established that some consider them to have gone in like manner far (Marshall, 2001), as the last decade has undoubtedly seen an expansion in soft trifle in both terms of the types of work and the topics addressed. This move will address the fact that we have moved from a breaker point when papers were prefaced with legitimisations of qualitative work to a time when we are beholding debates within qualitative methods over establishing orthodox approaches and standards. This will be make thorough a reflection on current re-evaluations of the most special K methods mainly interviewing and ethnography and where the y are developing.Qualitative approaches have long had a strong association with cultural, mixer and radical geographies, in part as a reaction to quantified social geography. For example, in terms of the geographies of gender, feminist critiques of masculinist approaches were picked up and an argument some empathy amplified the concern with qualitative methods. This besides could be reversed, labelling qualitative work with a feminist softness as opposed to unverbalized science. This debate though, has matured, from quick over-assumptions that qualitative work was generally soft, to considering its weaknesses and strengths in a more balanced fashion (Raju et al., 2000). Qualitative research has also had to grappling hook with the argument that simply listening to, giving voice to and representing the silenced is not enough.There is now a maturity about qualitative methods in geography, hardly also that there comes with this a certain conventionality of approaches. In delving de eper into this discussion it is important to consider the continued debates about the framing of qualitative, and oddly ethnographic, work, after the so-called crisis of representation and work in the performative vein, as qualitative research is very much torn between a constructivist approach and a longing to convey a real sense of the field.Geography has followed anthropology by dint of these debates on ethnography and representation, responding to the question how is unruly experience transformed into an authoritive pen account? (Besio and Butz, 2004 433). There has been a backlash against what are described as excesses of reflexivity in some responses to this question. For instance, Bourdieu (2003) called for a renewed objectivity via morphological reflexivity in a participant observation. He argues for a ain understanding of reflexivity, to address the pedantic and social structures that drive research agendas, which for geography in non-western settings would show how academic research practices have relied extensively on remnant colonial discourses and structures of domination for access to research unresolveds, efficacy of entropy collection and legitmation (Bourdieu, 2003 288).Katz points out that in the field and in their private readings, ethnographers make do a culture of evaluation which is masked by the fractious, even righteously indignant commentary that characterises rhetoric about ethnographic piece of writing (2002 64). Katz argues that as ethnographers, we must do more than claim we need to show (2002 68). However, Besio and Butz (2004) suggest an alternate reflexivity, taking Marie Louse Pratts definition of autoethnography. Where instead than being about reflecting on ones possess practice it refers to the subject or dominated peoples self-representation to colonisers terms while rest faithful to their own self-understandings. This tradition is not just framing topical anesthetic knowledges Gold (2002) looks to a globa lised religious movement that is utilize its self-representations and indeed academic work in its self-constitution. This makes the important point of not separating ethnography from writing not privileging oral research over written material but rather seeing productions of various representations as moments for situated reading and interpretations by all actors. If we thus move to models of representation as intervention rather than corresponding to prior reality, we might look for new ways of producing and mind truth.Besio and Butz (2004) provide their own critique of transcultural representation. They point out that this is not an automatic process but something that has to be worked at and may all be achieved in specific circumstances. The apocalyptic tones of this debate seem accompaniment to anthropology with its habitual re- definition of fieldwork as residential participant observation as opposed to the more plural practices of qualitative methods in geography.These r eflexive studies sneak questions about how the usual methods fit these new topics. Meth (2003) suggests that reflective, discursive diaries root offer a discontinuous writing, allowing people to change their minds and priorities, kernel that they are not dominated by what happened in the morning to begin with an interview. Moreover, they offer different and possibly easier routes for respondents to express themselves, especially their emotions, and reflect upon their own world-views. Alternately, Harper (2002) provides a history of the photo-elicitation interview where pictures push peoples normal frames of acknowledgement to form the basis for deep discussions of values.The use of pictures in presenting material raises the issue of how visual and verbal colligate to each other, whether they could turn to to different ways of knowing rather than just being tempered as different kinds of evidence (Rose, 2003). As Basio and Butz (2004 444) note, the visual in ethnographic has g enerally not been used intrinsically for interpreting and representing ethnographic info and culture but either as just more data or subordinated to a textualising metaphor. Whatmore (2003 89) notes the spoken and written word constitute the primary form of data, whereas the world speaks in some voices through many different types of things that refuse to be reinvented as univocal witnesses. This comes back to the center field of a new kind of programmatic writing which is suggestive of nothing slight than a drive towards a new methodological avant garde that will radically refigure what it is to do research (Latham, 2003 2000).It is normally at this point, as we engage elegant approaches, that policy-orientated researchers voice concerns about a turn away from commitments to engaging frequent people and offering them a voice. This seems to me to be a false opposition of committed, real world versus inaccessible, theoretical research.It might be a good idea to end this repor t by returning our heed to the rich yet ambiguous and messy world of doing qualitative research. As Thrift notes Through fieldwork is often portrayed as a authorised colonial encounter in which the fieldworker lords it over her/his respondents, the fact of the matter is that it unremarkably does not feel much like that at all. More often it is a curious mixture of humiliations and intimidations mixed with moments of insight and even recreation Thrift, 2003 106), where knowledge is coproduced by building fragile and temporary commonplaces (2003 108, see also Tillman-Healy, 2003).This seems to be a good summary of the qualitative work currently being done in human geography. It remains inspired by ethical and political concerns, and practitioners are deeply concerned by the righteous and political implications of their work. Some of the old taken-for-granteds about fieldwork have been replaced, but it is ostensive to wonder what questions have not been asked. While researchers have struggled to populate their work with real subjects rather than research objects, there have never been less attempts to talk about materialities in practice if not in topic. However, it does not seem that this entails a rejection of work that has been, is being and will be done, nor a turn from engaged and practical work but that it does raise issues about the investment in specific notions of what research is, what evidence is and how the two relate to each other.ReferencesBasio, K. Butz, D. (2004) Autoethnography a limited endorsement. Professional Geographer, 56, 432 438.Bourdieu, P. (2003) Participant observation. Journal of the kingly Anthropological Institute, NS9, 281 294.Gold, L. (2002) Positionality, worldview and geographical research a personal account of a research journey. Ethics, Place and Environment, 5, 223 237.Harper, D. (2002) Talking about pictures a case for photo-elicitation. optic Studies, 17, 13 26.Katz, J. (2001) From how to why on luminous desc ription and casual reference in ethnography (part 2). Ethnography, 3, 63 90.Latham, A. (2003) Research, performance, and doing human geography some reflections on the diary-photograph, diary-interview method. Environment and Planning A, 35, 1993 2018.Marshall, G. (2001) Addressing a problem of capacity. Social Sciences, 47, 1 2.Meth, P. (2003) Entries and omissions using solicited diaries in geographical research. Area, 35, 195 205.Raju, S., Atkins, P., Townsend, J. Kumar, N. (2000) Atlas of women and men in India, London, International Books.Rose, G. (2003) On the need to ask how, exactly, is geography visual? Antipode, 35, 212 221.Thrift, N. (2003) Practising ethics, in Whatmore, S. Using social theory, London, Sage, 105 121.Tillman-Healy, L. (2003) Friendship as method. Qualitative Inquiry, 9, 729 749.