Leader Traits, Power, and Corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leader Traits, occasion, and Corruption - Essay ExampleWhat happened at Enron as well as at WorldCom not only questioned the role of incarnate governance and ethics at bottom organizations but it also put on test the very qualities of the lead because in all those episodes of corporate failures, leadership was the important culprit. Leaders in those organizations wielded superpowers entrusted to them in ways which may not be considered as ethical in any sense.Leadership is a very decomposable process and requires diametric approaches to deal with different situations as they arise. One of the basic characteristics of leadership is the fact that it succeed in wielding power which others may find overweight to maintain. The seeded players and means of various powers entrusted to leadership are various however what is critical is the facts that by exercising such powers leaders aim to achieve something which others cannot achieve.The gradual elusion from bureaucracy to more flexible and so called radix organizations, the role of leadership has further become complicated and somewhat more fluid and demanding in nature. (Schneider, 2002). Since leadership is often defined as the use of noncoercive influence in order to accomplish different tasks (Jago, 1982) wherefore in fluid organizations with much emphasis on delegation, exercising powers is considered as a delicate art.This paper will present an analysis of the different powers leaders within organizations use as well as exploring how these powers can be exercised to avoid operational, administrative as well as ethical problems faced by the organizations. Leadership Sources of PowerThere are different sources of powers which a leader can exercise within an organization to achieve the desired objectives and strategic aims. Since, leadership is a process where non-coercive influence is used therefore it is often assumed that while exercising such powers, leaders always do it in the best interest of th e organization. Following are the different sources of power for leadersExpert PowerThe source of this power is the expertise of the leader. If leader is expert in his or her field of business than the wielding of this power allow a leader to exercise certain degree of influence. This power is therefore based on an individual leaders competence and expertise in certain areas of work i.e. measurement Gates being the CEO as well as Chief Software Architect of Microsoft.Legitimate PowerThe source of this power is individuals position within an organization. By having a certain position, status, leaders derive this power to achieve leader-follower behavior because others follow them due to their legitimate power within an organization.Reward PowerThe source of this power is the leaders ability to reward any behavior. Due to this, most of the employees within an organization tend to follow their leaders and obey them because leaders exercise the power of rewarding them. This power is al so one of the most important in the sense that it may allow collusion of employees/managers with the leaders to engage into wrong business practices.Coercive PowerSince leaders due to their position within the organization control both rewards as well as punishments therefore the source of coercive power is when the leader control the punishment i.e. he or she has the power and ability to fire, fine, punish etc any employee. Coercive power

Innovative Idea for a New Product, namely the Round Umbrellas Essay

Innovative Idea for a New Product, namely the Round Umbrellas - Essay exemplarFor this reason, I chose to come up with a new product on umbrellas that are consumer friendly both in price and in its use. The umbrellas will support minimize the issue of umbrellas being prone to damages both during storms and also in high winds.The umbrellas will be aerodynamic wind-resistant designed that will check over that the umbrella will not overturn during heavy winds. The umbrella will also be extra reinforced rib constructed to ensure that they are immobile enough to fend storms and wind. The umbrellas will be designed in different sizes big to serve galore(postnominal) people in a place, relatively picayune for few individual and also for one person. The umbrellas are designed such that one will not be wet on trousers and even hands, different the other umbrellas. The umbrella will use less expensive materials like anodized aluminum, its configuration is manual and has 5 -6 ribs that make its cheaper but still strong to withstand storms.For this air, the business structure that best suits it is confederation structure. A partnership involves two or more agree to start a business and run it jointly. The partnership will work well for this innovation since it has few formalities needed, and there is a partnership deed that regulates the operations of the business. With the partnership, there is shared management operate and task sharing that reduces the workload for one person. The partners may also take part in their areas of specialization where they are best skilled ensuring that the business runs so well. Partnership venture also limits the chances of one bearing the losses that one may incur alone since they are shared among the partners hence it makes it attractive to many businesses. Having the issue of loss sharing every partner will work keenly to reduce possible chances of incurring losses in the market, and so the business runs efficiently to gain pr ofits. To establish a venture,it all begins with developing some ideas. In this stage, researchers are more involved.

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

enormous Expectations EssayDiscuss the variety of influences to which charge is exposed during the course of Great Expectations as he approaches adult-hood, and the ways in which the readers opinion of takes subject might alter as the story develops. Charles dickens is one of the worlds best-loved writers, and Great Expectations may be one of his most autobiographical works. The Narrator of Great Expectations, whisk, is in contrast, a man of m all faults, who hides none of them from the reader. If Pip is a self-portrait, Dickens must move over been a reservoir of inferiority complexes, guilt and share.Many other aspects of Great Expectations are autobiographical too. Although Dickens wasnt an orphan as Pip is but he may have well felt like one. Dickens mother apparently was a careless housekeeper. Pips sister who a few times mentions that she brought him up by hand, keeps a spotless house but she doesnt know how to make it a home. In her mind, the sole ingredients of child rearing are a self-colored beating and a dose of tar-water. It could be that maybe she is deliberately cruel, or maybe she has on the dot mistaken notions of how to run a family.Pips childhood wasnt so great(p) and as a reader will come upon give away that he doesnt have a good perspective on Mrs. Joe. This can be any more than children do on the adults closest to them And where the deuce ha you been? was Mrs. Joes Christmas salutation, when I and my conscience showed ourselves. (Pg. 22) When Dickens was working in the blacking warehouse at the age of twelve he was lighten up as Pip was being lighten up when he was an apprentice to Joe as a blacksmith. While Pip the narrator recognises Joes goodness, Pip as a character continues to go on treating him badly.There is a point in the story when the reader will get wind that Joe forgives Pip for his behaviour. Later on Pip keeps on being a snob and for Joe its something he has to live for. Joe shows a lot of love and affection for Pip But I did mind you Pip, he returned with tender simplicity Dont cry, old chap (Pg. 48) Joe has a very neutral relationship with Pip although he seems to find it really hard and struggles to guide Pip and try to follow Joes example of goodness. He appears to be often weak he lets himself be defeated by Mrs. Joe, Pumblechook and even dominate Havisham.This could be why Pip seems to dislike Joe, as he gets older. Also seeing as Pip isnt consciously virtuous, it becomes difficult for Joe to onslaught to teach him. Pip is seriously disgusted with Pumblechook throughout the whole ledger. When as a boy, he instinctively dislikes the way Pumblechook moralises and lords it over the family. I believe it is at this point where Pips snobbish behaviour may have sharpened due to the original circle of changes and I think Pumblechook patronising and insulting Pip at the same time has given him the snobbish characterBut I dont mean in that form, or, returned Mr. Pumblechook, who had an objection to being interrupted Not bringing up by hand then. Not a bit of it (Pg. 27) At the beginning of the story in a vivid scene, Magwitch appears to be a threatening, violent character to Pip. The reader can recognise at the same time that Pip does not know that Magwitch is a big, cold, hungry and desolate. When Pip lives at the forge in the marshes the setting has influenced him. It is a gloomy spooky area with convicts. It seems that it all leads to death and punishment i. e.Mrs.Joes beating and tar-water. When it comes to Magwitch appearing from a graveyard he is like a zombie. He becomes dead when the reader carries on to read the story because Pip forgets about him and Magwitch disappears for a long while. During that time of his absence Pip then catches to occur Miss Havisham. When Magwitch does come into sight once again when Pip is in London, Pip is looking at a much more altered adaptation of Magwitch. At this time Magwtichs importance to Pip grows even larger a s the reader will discover about Magwitch and the affect of his money to Pip.Now because of this Magwitch turns out to be a similar yet a much useful character in Pips life. Also the relationship between Pip and Magwitch strengthens and Pip commences into demonstrate devoted attention to him. Even later on Pip is interested in almost everything that Magwitch offers to attempt to say to him. He is willing to listen to him and he becomes sympathetic towards him. When Magwitch is on the deathbed Pip is sort outing the story of Estella and explaining how much he loves her to him. He tries to make him happy.Dickens piles on the details about Miss Havisham, it is like as it if she irresistibly fascinates him. The more he describes her, the more intensely she stands out, looming as a weird, powerful image colouring the mood of the entire book Look at me, said Miss Havisham. You are not afraid of a woman who and very sorry I cant play just now. (Pg. 58-59) Pip is influenced by Miss Hav isham in a way to love Estella and thus he is convinced by her to love Estella even through the toughest situations.He gains to be confident with her but its strange because he can list Estellas main faults- proud, selfish, cold, cruel and unloving Love her, love her, love her If she favours you, love her openhanded up your whole heart and soul to be smiter- as I did (Pg. 240) Miss Havisham is very unpredictable and it could be why that I reckon Pip most frequently misunderstands her influences to him. She can be pretty random and she can say random, embarrassing, issuing imperious commands Sometimes I have sick fancies, she went on, and I have a sick fancy that I want to see some playplay, play, play (Pg. 59) Now because of her out-of-the-ordinary behaviour the reader can never tell or predict what she will be like. This can confuse Pips liking for her and then it makes the reader feel sceptical about them. The different element of Pips record seems to be constantly in confl ict. For example, when he first learns that he has expectations of a great fortune, his mind goes off in a dozen different directions- selfishness, joy, guilt, suspicion, embarrassment and fear of his own fortune. When he moves to London, he leaves all the people who still affect his life

Progeria Essay Example for Free

Progeria EssayAs much as i love to learn almost commonly known dieseases in class one diesease that striked me as i was watching a tv show last year was progeria. Progeria is derived from the Greek invent meaning prematurely old. Jonathan Hutchinson and Hastings Gilford discovered the syndrome in 1886. The name Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome existed because of this. doctors have discovered a single gene mutation responsible for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The gene is called lamin A this is the protein necessary for holding the center of a cell together. Researchers believe the genetic mutation enables the cell to be unstable, which appears to allow to progerias characteristic aging process. As newborns with progeria it ordinarily appear normal but as times progess the cchildrens growth ceases and they start developing characteristics of the eldelry. A study from the Netherlands has shows that 1 in 4 million births (within the Netherlands) ar diagnoesed with p rogeria Currently, there argon 80 known cases in the world. Approximately 140 cases have been reported in medical history.Classical Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is unremarkably caused by a odd mutation taking place during the early stages of embryo development. It is almost never passed on from affected parent to child, as affected children rarely go through long enough to have children themselves. Theres no remediation for progeria Regular monitoring for cardiovascular disease may help with managing your childs condition. Some children undergo coronary arterial blood vessel bypass surgery or dilation of cardiac arteries to slow the progression of cardiovascular disease.Drugs known as FTIs, which were developed for treating cancer, have shown hope in laboratory studies in correcting the cell defects that cause progeria. FTIs are currently are being studied in human clinical trials for treatment of progeria. interstingly Children affected with progeria age rapidly about 7 to 10 times faster than normal which means their looks and physiology resemble a 70- to 80-year-old person, but they keep a dwarfish child-like body. Death usually occurs between the ages of 12 and 14 years.This generally happens as a result of cardiovascular deterioration, which includes things atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. Typically doctors will not take on the following features usually dealing with aging Tumors, Cataracts, Hearing Loss, Diabetes. The outcome is very poor and that is because death always occurs in cases of Progeria. There is currently no cure for this mortal disease and the only treatment is to simply deal with the reducing the complications that come up such as the cardiovascular deterioration.The earliest influences of progeria on popular culture occurred in the 1922 short story The Curious Case of Benjamin Button by F. Scott Fitzgerald (and later released as a feature film in 2008). The main character, Benjamin Butt on, is born as a seventy-year-old man and ages backwards it has been suggested that this was inspired by progeria. Also Charles Dickens may have described a case of progeria in the family of Smallweed of Bleak House, specifically in the grandfather and his grandchildren Judy and twin brother Bart.A Bollywood movie Paa was made about the condition and in it the lead character (Amitabh Bachchan) played an 11-year-old child affected by progeria. The movie Renaissance deals with progeria. In episode sixteen of the first season of the television show The X-Files, the baby doctor had experimented on children with Progeria. In the 4 book series Otherland by Tad Williams one of the main characters suffers from progeria. in 1978 book When Bad Things Happen to serious People, which explores God and the problem of evil, was written in response to his 14 year old sons death by progeria.Amd lastly South African artist/ coxa hop artist Leon Botha was one of the oldest known Progeria sufferers, surviving to the age of 26 before his death in June 2011 in conclusion progeria is a diesease that has effected more and kiled many children altering their life immensly. the fact that there is no cure for this diesease is some what a hard truth for patients with this diesease. socially also many progeria patients are not accepted because of their physical abnormalities and disfigures. Never the less exstensive research has been sought out in order to cure and treat progeria.

The Marine Industry

The naval IndustryIntroductionPurposeThis root word aims to modernise readers ab out(a) the guard of seaf arrs going to sea and the possible dangers that they face. The news report will overly elaborate about the ongoing issues and measures taken to ensure the safety of the seafarers. priming coatMarine Industry has been a major platform for investment and income since the ancient times. seafarers face possible dangers from collision of mails, burn and weather conditions. Therefore, the casualties onboard a commit guide been increasing due to deprivation of awareness towards safety on board the ship. The International maritime Organisation( IMO) took steps to prevent such disasters from happening. Rules stomach been set up to make sure the equipments onboard the ship are up to date, certified and are regularly inspected. Workers onboard must(prenominal) be well clever in the safety aspects. harmonize to the International naval Organisation(2009),ship safety is a subj ect that is currently receiving high attention by most countries. The International maritime Organisation(2009) state that this was due to a number of serious vessel casualties that have occurred in recent years.MethodologyThe information for this report was obtained from the International Convention for the preventive of flavor at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 edition, reference books, research about shipping companies and the internet. Case studies were taken from online news articles.ScopeAs there are many possibilities that could happen onboard a ship, this report will investigate solely about the possible experience of recruit at sea, preventive measures, consequences of bite, actual events that took place due to fire, types of fire and much more. kindle Hazards onboard the ShipCauses of firing offAccording to John G. Antherson (2000),the suffices of fire on a ship arent a lot different than the causes of fires in any urban setting. As there are electrical circuits onboard the ship, there is a prognosis for an electrical fire is to occur. Machinery onboard a ship send packing get hot when its operating. An overheating stance could cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Ships uses combustion systems to generating steam, and internal combustion engines are utilize generate electricity. These combustion system will get very hot and brush off cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Closed machinery spaces and the volatility of fuel, lubricants and hydraulic fluids around the hot machinery can lead to a fire or an explosion. A collision at sea could initiate a fire. The galley where food is prepared is a nonher fire hazard on board a ship.(John G. Antherson 2000) During ship repairing, metal elusion and welding equipment is carried and used to faulty equipment. Sparks from this equipments could also start a fire. There are some more possible ways fires could be started. Fire hazards in the cabin could also cause fire to occur. An article (Anon Fires In Ships 20 02) states that careless smoking is the main cause of fires in ships.In one case scenario, xvi Chinese nationals have been taken to the hospital after a fire broke out in their ship(APL Columbia) at port Botany on 5 January 2010.A gang member onboard the 45,000 tonne APL Columbia(IMO9252242) noticed a fire in his cabin about 1.30am.The man tried to put out the fire entirely was unsuccessful.The caboodle members had suffered from smoke inhalation and the fire was put out about 5.30 am using the ships own firefighting equipment. In another case scenario, a fire broke out in the engine room. A Maersk container ship (Maersk Duffield) crossed Brisbanes Moreton Bay with its engine room on fire and the Emergency Management Queensland helicopter is en route to assist. One crew member required treatment.Shipping Database,2009-2010Online Available from http//www.shippingdatabase.com/ Accessed 31 January 2010According to the chart ( betoken 1) made by the Maritime Institute in Gdansk(2007 ), most fire accidents occur during ship repairs. Fire caused from ship repairs take up 79.3% of most fire accidents in their case study. Meanwhile, figure 2 showed that 24.11% of fire occurring on board a ship is located at the Cargo holds and tanks. varietyes of FireThere are 4 types of fire that efficiency occur onboard a ship. There are Class A , Class B , Class C and Class D fires. The U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service(2007) said that Ordinary incendiary fires are the most common type of fire, and are designated under Class A fire . These occur when a solid, organic strong such as wood, cloth, rubber, or plastic become heated to their flash point and ignite. This class of fire is fairly simple to combat and contain .According to guinea pig Fire Protection Association (NFPA 2008),the most common way to do this is by spraying the burning material with water, oxygen can also be removed by smothering the fire with foam from a fire extinguisher.Meanwhile, flammable liquified are categorized under Class B fire. The content Fire Protection Association(2008) reports that this fire follow the same basic fire tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical reaction) as ordinary combustible fires, except that the fuel in motility is a flammable liquid such as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas.An efficient way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is to disrupt the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents. According to an evoke from Industrial Hygiene and Information Management (2008) ESH Manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, class D fire are fires that are caused by flammable or combustible metals. Examples given by the ESH manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, of such metals are titanium , sodium ,magnesium, potassium, uranium and calcium.Generally, metal fire risks occur when sawdust, machine shavings and other metal are present. These fires can be ignited by the same types of igniti on sources that would start other common fires.Wikipedia, Fire Classes Online Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_classesAccessed 1 February 2010A crew onboard a fishing vessel said that If a fire was to start onboard a ship, crew members onboard must know what type of fire it is. If a unlawful extinguisher or method is world used, the fire might spread even more. ( Florida Sport Fishing Crew 2002)Consequences of fireLoss of Revenue and Marine EnvironmentThe International Maritime Organisation (2009) said that most accidents onboard a ship will result in a loss of revenue. Cargos onboard a ship might be damaged and cardinals of dollars worth of cargos and resources will be affected. Fire onboard a tanker ship will have a high chance of causing an explosion and fuel leaked into the sea will cause water pollution and that will affect the marine environment. Thousands of dollar will be used to clean up the oil spill. A case study given by the Port State Information excha nge (2006) was that of Hyundai Fortune where an accidental fire broke out on 21st March 2006. The combined cost of the ship and damaged cargo is estimated at over 300 million US dollars.According to an online article by Brisbane Times, oil spill clean-up can be rather costly. In a case study by the article, an insurer of a Hong Kong-based cargo ship had to foot the bill for a 20 tonnes of diesel fuel into waters off Stradbroke Island. Authorities announced that the estimated cost of the clean-up will piss about $100,000 a day and take seven days to complete.Daniel Hurst 2009 , Oil spill clean-up to cost $100,000 a dayOnline Brisbane times Available from http//www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/oil-spill-cleanup-to-cost-100000-a-day/2009/03/12/1236447368184.html Accessed on 7th February 2010Political FalloutPolitical fallout might also occur if swift action is not taken. Political fallout will cause the reputation of the government or authority to be at stake.(M.Masellis and S .W.A.Gunn 1992) The disasters that occur within the Maritime Industries can be used as an example for enemy parties to blame the government and this might change the mindset of the society towards the government.According to an online article by BBC news, an oil well in the Timor Sea off the northwestern coast of Australia caught fire. The oil rig had been leaking oil and marine fire fighters were struggling for ten weeks to stop the leak. The National Offshore Petroleum Safety government agency had been called out to help combat the fire and other teams such as the Geoscience Australia and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority were on standby. However, an opposition spokesman accused the Environment take care of Australia of doing nothing to stop the oil leak.BBC News 2009 , Australia well catches fire Online Available from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stmHuman CasualtiesAccidents onboard a ship will also cause tender casualties to occur. Fire especially w ill be liveness threatening onboard a passenger ship and it will cause chaos and panic among passengers. ( L.M. collins 1999) A good way to ensure that human bearing is not lost is for the crew and passengers to follow operating instructions given by the Captain. If the passengers follow the instructions swiftly, they will be able to escape from the ship safely.( L.M. Collins 1999)One of the major events that had many human casualties was that of RMS Titanic. According to David G , Titanic was struck by an iceberg and sank in two hours and forty minutes on 15 April 1912. The sinking of the Titanic resulted in 1517 deaths out of the 2223 people on board. The high misadventure rate was due to the fact that the ship was not carrying enough lookboats for everyone onboard.Brown, David G. (2000). The Last Log of the Titanic. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0071364471.Most fire cases are quickly dealt with and the only losses that the crew face are the cargos or raw materials onboard. U p to this day, passenger ship have not faced any fire incidents that resulted in major human casualties.Fire Safety MeasuresSafety of Life at Sea(SOLAS)M.Masellis and S.W.A.Gunn(1992) said that fire casualties on ships lead almost certainly to disastrous results because of the limited and isolated areas of the vessels and the lack of immediate and easy access for the give up team. Preventive measures are therefore much more effective in the effort to avoid such casualties than rescue and fire-extinguishing procedures or devices. Marine fire casualties in merchant ships the Greek statistics 1992 Available from http//www.springerlink.com/content/h8362077847j9127/In 1914, The International Maritime Organisation had a convention among international leading and maritime leaders to talk about maritime safety. Of all the international conventions dealing with maritime safety, the most important is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS). There have been many ver sions of SOLAS adopted by the International Maritime Organisation but the present version was adopted in 1974 and entered into surprise in 1980.The SOLAS conventions have all covered many aspects of safety at sea. The convention in 1914 included chapters on safety of navigation, construction, fire protection and life-saving appliances.(International Maritime Organisation 2009)This shows that the International Maritime Organisation is unbrokenly trying to find ways to improve the aspects of safety at sea to ensure the safety of seafarers life by introducing the Safety Of Life at Sea(SOLAS) and updating it.Fire Safety Test and Safety EquipmentOne of the fire safety measures is to conduct fire safety test for the ship. Fire safety of ships is an extremely important area. Before any material can be used onboard a ship, it must have successfully passed strict tests and have been certified for use. This is to ensure that the material or equipment does not pose a fire hazard onboard the ship. (SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden 2008) some other safety measure is to install safety equipments on the ship. Equipments such as fire extinguisher, sprinkler system , gas monitor and other safety equipments are being implemented. The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) is taking steps to introduce new and more sophisticated equipments onboard the ships. IMO hope to reduce the amount of accidents from occurring onboard the ship and will rely on this new equipments to combat the problem more efficiently.Service of ships and EquipmentsAccording to The Safety of Life At Sea 1974 edition, the ship and its safety equipments have to undergo run once every few years. Safety equipments include components that can deteriorate over time. Therefore, this can decrease the effectiveness of the equipment. Examples of such equipments stated in the Safety Of Life At Sea 1974 edition (SOLAS) are fire extinguishers, EPIRBs, flares, life jackets, life rafts and smoke signals. Serv icing of the equipment must be done by the manufacturer or an authorised agent by the expiry date. The expiry date must be clearly marked on the equipment. Most life raft needs to be serviced every two or three years. Equipment that cannot be serviced or no longer works must be replaced if it is to be carried as part of the safety equipment onboard the ship.(The International Maritime Organisation 2009)In the event that an emergency were to occur and the safety equipments were to be faulty as they were not sent for servicing, the manufacturer should not be blamed as the expiry date have been stated clearly on the equipment. It is the duty of the crew onboard and its owner to send the equipments for servicing once the expiry date is over.According to the IMO 2009, maintenance and inspections of equipments must be recorded to provide objective evidence that these work have been carried out according to the manufacturers instructions.Proper training for the crewAccording to the Mariti me Port Authority Singapore(MPA) 2010, Seafarers working on board a ship must have the valid certification or endorsements. In Singapore, these are issued by the Training Standards Department of MPA. Seafarers working on board a ship are required to have a valid Certificate of Competency (CoC) or endorsement, which comply with the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW).The crew must also be well trained in fire fighting and First Aid. Those who wish to work onboard a ship must have an Advance Fire Fighting Course certificate and Elementary First Aid certificate as well before they are qualified to work onboard (Maritime Port Authority Singapore 2010). The crew will also conduct regular safety drills after each departure from port. The crew are to follow their duty that had been assign on the Muster List.By having proper trained crews onboard a ship, this will minimise the chance of human error and accidents from occurr ing. justmore, the crew are well trained to handle any emergencies such as fire . The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) 2009 once said that the quality and familiarisation are directly affected by the relative frequency and quality of the drills carried out. IMO added that a crew debrief after each drill is essential to emphasise lessons learned and to give additional training where necessary.ConclusionFurther ImprovementsEvery year, the International Maritime Organisation and other Maritime Body are working hand in hand to improve a seafarers life in damage of their living condition and to ensure that they are working in a safe environment. The organisation are trying to find constant improvement to reduce marine casualties, loss in revenue due to unwanted accidents. One improvement that can be introduce to the ship is the All-in-One fire extinguisher. This extinguisher would be able to combat any types of fire such as Class A , Class B, Class C or Class D fires. By having this fire extinguisher onboard the ship, the crew will not need to waste time to find different methods to combat different types of fire. some other improvement that could be introduced is the fire isolating system. This system will isolate the fire from spreading to other rooms and this will reduce the damage caused towards the ship. The Maritime Port Authority said that this new inventions will further improve the safety aspects but it still needs to undergo more tests before it can be implemented towards the ships.Human delusion is still the Main CauseThe International Maritime Organisation have taken steps to ensure that the engineering science and safety equipments being implemented are up to date. even out thought this is so, nothing can be done if the accident caused is by human error. Even if the crew had gone for proper training, human error will still occur. An article by B.S Dhillon(2007), human error costs the Maritime Industry $541 million per year and a study of 6091 major accident claims revealed that 62% of the claims were attributed to human error. B.S Dhillion(2007) added that human error contributes to 84% to 88% of tanker accidents.B.S Dhillon 2007. Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems, Springer Series in Reliability Engineering . Page 1.These incidents will result in crew injuries or death and the ship will be delayed or damaged. Even if there is mechanical failure, human error can play a role in terms of lack of maintenance , monitoring or a breakdown in communication. The Bahamas Maritime Authority added that crew fatigue and complacency can be a major factor in this incident. The Bahamas Maritime Authority said that Good equipment can cost more, but safety should be accorded a higher antecedence because a ship cannot be operated safely without the seafarer.Referenceshttp//www.cruisebruise.com/princess_cruise_star_princess_fire_march_23_2006.htmlhttp//www.articledashboard.com/Article/Marine-Fire-Fighting-Equipmen tSecuring-Ship-Safety-And-Damage-Control-Against-Fire/1252660http//www.unols.org/publications/manuals/safe_man.htmlhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stmhttp//www.mpa.gov.sg/sites/port_and_shipping/for_seafarers/seafarer_certification/seafarer_certification.pagehttp//www.springerlink.com/content/h8362077847j9127http//www.mapreport.com/subtopics/d/n.htmlhttp//www.bahamasmaritime.com/Documents/Bulletins/72bulltn.pdfSummaryIn brief, the report describes about the various reasons why fire safety is an important factor for the maritime Industry. It also goes into the detail on the causes of fire onboard the ship. The consequences of fire is also gone into detail in this report to show the importance of safety at sea.

Concepts of Ageing and Disability

Concepts of Ageing and Dis baronImpairment, disability, and handicapImpairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical social organisation or snuff it e.g. hearing or vision deadening, brain injury, impaired movement, impairment of the sense of smell.Disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an employment in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being e.g. unable to perform ADLs, communication, learning and working. handicap is a single out for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability , that prevents the fulfillment of a role that is considered normal (depending of age, sex and social and heathenish factors) for that individual.Similarities and differencesImpairment, disability, and handicap all avoid a person to accomplish normal functions in certain areas of body. The difference is that impairment is the irregularity in structure of function of the body , the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness such as dysomia- impairment of the sense of smell while disability is the restriction of be short of of ability to perform certain utility. Disability is an umbrella term covering impairment, activity limitations and participation restrictions. Handicap refers to condition that leads to impairment of disability and prevent the person from doing things that other people of their age of gender would normally do, the case is any disadvantage that makes success more difficult or place at a disadvantage such as He was handicapped by his injured ankle joint.Ageing, ageing age and ageismAgeing is progressive and universal starting at birth and ending with death.Ageing and disease processes are not the same, the action expectancy in developed countries has increased by more than 30 years in the last century. Also in New Zealand the proportion of one-time(a) people is expected to grow rapidly over the next 20years. The process of change in the properties of a material occurring over a period, either impromptu or through deliberate action.Old age aged people often have limited regenerative abilities and are more tend to disease, syndromes, and sickness than junior adults. The oldly also confront other social issues such as retirement, loneliness, and ageism. The chronological age donated as old age varies culturally and historically, so , old age is a social construct rather than a definite biological stage Ageismone of the challenges to positive ageing is ageism.Ageism refers to the contrariety that older people cigaret experience due to their age.Often ageism is reflected in eligibility for access to support and resourcesAlso in employment ,(particularly those who experience impairments)are overlook for employment opportunities.Ageism also occurs when there are negative forms of social exclusion and judgments made almost older people on the basis of the perceiv ed worth of their contributions.Similarities and differencesAgeing, old age, and ageism all connect grow older with old person. The difference is that ageing is Whats happening as you get elder through life and old age is the result of aging for a long enough time where you are close to death and your life is flood tide to an endAgeing is the heaps of thing are changing in a person over time. Ageing is many angles of process such as physical, social, and psychological aspect . While old age is contained in ages closing or exceeding the average life span of human beings, and the life cycle of the end of human beings.Ageism is a combination of three connected components. Among them were prejudicial attitudes towards older people, old age, and the ageing process. Discriminatory approach against elderly, policies that maintain stereotypes about elder people.Theories of ageing in relation to gender, sexuality, race and classThe social model of disability Disability is caused by physic al, organizational, and attitudinal barriers in society. Looks for full integration of individuals to society. pore on social acceptance and equality. Identifies systemic barriers, negative and exclusion by society. Sees society as the contributory factor in disabling people.Psychosocial Theories of Ageing As people grow older, their behavior changes, their social interactions changes, and the activities in which they engage change.Gender DifferencesThe Social Model of Disability In osteoarthritis, men and women had significantly difference in pain, pain behavior and physical disability. Women face pain more seriously than men does. it leads depression to women more than men. It can be barriers in social involving for women. biologic Theories of Ageing Women have lower cardiovascular risk and greater longevity than men. So some study supposed that there are important gender-related differences in beat-to-beat feeling rate dynamics. But some study discovered that inwardness rate did not be dissimilar between age groups or genders. The heart rate power decreased with age in both men and women.SexualityThe Social Model of Disability The body of sexuality is at the heart of contemporary political and theoretical issue. Yet the social model of disability makes it a banishment. Sexuality of disability is caused by attitudinal barriers in society. Nevertheless presently old aged sexuality is understood and increasingly accepted in society.Biological Theories of Ageing Human sexuality is the ability to have erotic experiences and responses. Sexuality can have biological interest and attraction for another person. The biological aspect of sexuality in ageing refers to the reduction of reproductive mechanism as soundly as the basic biological drive lessen that exists in all species.RaceThe Social Model of Disability Data are from population establish sample of 4,136 African American and Whites aged over 65 living in North Carolina. There is reduced risk for dis ability when they associate with friends as a social interaction occurs. By instrumental support leads to increased risk for disability risk significantly , with a greater adverse found among Whites than African Americans.Expect for instrumental support, there were few racial differences in the association of social relationships with disability.The Medical Model of Ageing This study examined surgery for colorectal cancer among medical beneficiaries 65 years of age or older with an initial diagnosis in 1987. White patients were much more likely than morose to undergo surgical resection, even by and by age, and location and extent of tumor were controlled for.DeprivationThe Social Model of Disability If the disability person has no ready family or carer to support them , a representative will inform him/her for correct managing.The managing authority at the care home or hospital should work unneurotic to ensure this disability person understand the deprivation of liberty proce ss, that he/she knows his/her right, and that they receive the right support when the authorization process starts and a result has been done. other than deprivation of liberty leads them to make barriers in society to them.Psychosocial Theories of Ageing The elderly grow older , their boundary is restricted by someone who care for them. If you feel that elderly is being deprived of their liberty ,speak to the person in charge. They try to agree on changes that can be made so that the persons freedom is less restricted. For example, person who with dementia you cant let them go as a normal person . but should ensure that plainly deprives someone of their liberty in a safe and correct way, also that is the best interests of the person and there is no other way to look after them. Otherwise their social interactions significantly change to the worst way.

Looking At The Future Of Civil Engineering Construction Essay

Looking At The Future Of Civil Engineering Construction EssayIt is very key for civil engineers of this generation to understand the responsibility of their profession in the perspective of the environment and society, and in the understanding this responsibility they must try to generate changes in their action and debateing. This can be successful moreover everyone has to be involved needs to support and encourage the sustainable thinking, this change can produce finished public figure and construction processes.Design sustainability is non an easy route as it must be applied in every tendency theory. Starting from the conception of the design and moving to the location, the structural materials, the structural methods and finally the feasible demolition of the project, design sustainability have to be applied in many areas. On the former(a) hand sustainable construction must aim to use less vivid materials and materials which are dangerous to the environment, also les s energy to cut the add up of the waste and invalidate the environmental pollution without negotiating the quality of the project. Sustainable thinking, planning and acting must be involved in civil applied science to reduce the environmental effecting projects have over their whole design life. Only in the course of this process, and by implementing sustainable thinking at every phase in a project, can a set of ideologies to improve the quality of life be created.The economic component of sustainability has been the main driver of projects. As civil engineering considering the sustainability screws we need to consider more than to daytime alone. It is vital to account for cost over a whole life cycle and the impact on the approaching coachment. These costs must be considered in tandem with the social consequences and environmental impacts. The social aspect of sustainability is one that has only recently come to the forefront, but has this non been part of the civil engineer s role for many years. 1The influence of engineers of the past and present has had wide- ranging social benefits in transportation, natural and physical security, safety, resource management and heritage, all of which improve the quality of life. The social benefits of these are immeasurable but need to be considered together with the impact on the environment and the economy. 1All the epoch-making factors that go into the design and construction of a project must be judged, making it hard task, but we must all try in place to achieve it. Clearly, it is going to be a long and difficult method before these ideologies are established, since all the information, the assessments and the resources available to both design and construction teams develop continuously but from project to projects it volition become easier.The civil engineering profession has an exceptional opening to create a progression of change that will progress and sustain the environment and our planet in the long term. These are the very actions that make civil engineering a distinctive and very essential profession for our planet and for our lives.There have been several projects in the UK and around the world, which are known to be the most sustainable create in the twenty-first century. Their design, development, use of material and the construction is processed and analysed so careful and that they have managed to come out with successful result in all of the following projects. They are known to be the environmentally gracious and economically friendly too.IBN-DLO Wageningen, the NetherlandsThis building of the IBN-DLO, the institute for forestry and nature research, sets a new standard in people friendly and environmental friendly building. The building, design by architect Stefan Behisch, behaves something like a living organism, with a self-regulation capacity for its temperature and water use, a capacity which responds to the cycles of summer and winter, day and night, heat and cold, rain and drought. This building can adapt and store energy to kick in when they climate changes and it will respond to the change very quickly, this or so is very environmental friendly building. The materials used to make this building can be all recycled and reused in there things or other projects. The roofing is make from glass, the frame consist of galvanised steel plus a considerable proportion of extruded alumina. The glass roof has proved to be 70% cheaper than comparable normal tailor-make architectural atrium roofs. The wood-framed wall, doors and window are all made from wood which is glued on to each other rather than they being nailed. The environment advantage of this is that a much larger proportion of the tree can be utilized for quality carpentry work secondly the amount of frame timber has been kept to a minimum. This is possible because the whole building is made of glass so there is less need of window so less wood is used. an ecological issue. Every na il you dont use goes to the benefit of the environment Stefan Behisch said this during this project. 2ECOS- Millennium environmental centre BALLYMENA, NORTHERN IRELANDThis building is used to show the world that sustainable building is very much possible. Its used as a visitor centre, parkland, environmental information library and offices. Its not only used as museum but its used in everyday life. Its landscape architecture division developed the concept of a visitor centre where the building, displayed and surrounding landscape would be corporate to communicate a central theme of environmental sustainability.These are the methods they used to make their building a sustainable and environmentally friendly building.Heat conservation and Efficient Heat DistributionHeavy mass structure retention of heat within insulated fabric, low temperature under floor heating distributed trough structural floors, passive solar gains- by means of south facing glazing and ramp structure, elevated solar absorption of renewable, efficient low energy lighting used where possible and have heat and power unit fuelled from short rotation willow coppice crop grown on site.Renewable Energy- Predicted Annual GenerationBiomass combined heat and power unit, solar water collection, photovoltaic array and predicted energy generation from renewable will be 71% of total predicted energy consumption.Materials natural selectionWhere possible, PVC is not used. Alternative materials were used for electrical conduits and cabling. Plumbing and roof membrane durable and potentially recyclable materials were used copper, steel, and cover. Where possible renewable were used, timekeeper stud partitions external timber cladding timber structure and floor. All timber was FSC certified. Use of organic and mineral paints, sustainable landscape management- avoidance of fertilizer and pesticides etc.Environmental Improvements and Town ConnectionsConstruction of new pedestrian and cycle path from exis ting housing and estate to town centre which is increasing bio-diversity through sustainable park management. Creation of habitats through new planting. Retention of existing trees and new lake construction. 3Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd Information and Communication Center, Japan, TokyoThe unusually influence building represents exceptional design in many respects. The trapezoidal structure encloses a huge, 9 story high atrium. Their intension was to blending technology, people and natural ventilation, a waterfall and pond, roughly cut stone walls and rocks, a floor with pebbled surface and stepping stones and some greenery.Matsushita wanted a highly intelligent large plateful building, design in amity with nature. They wanted a holistic architecture that would reflect their own technological and environmental concerns. Three most important design solution that were required wereThe Ireko (or shell space concept)The creation of a heterogeneous indoor environmentThe use of natural energy systems throughout the buildingIreko is the innocent concept in Japanese architecture whereby space is approached by considering the layering of one environment within the other and how they and influence one another. The theory behind this classical Japanese architecture concept is to bring nature indoor and integrated into the building as an important interstice. 460L, Australia60 is the premier green commercial building in Australia, unique in its approach to energy and water consumption, and the use of recycled and re-used materials during construction. It achieved a commercially feasible, healthy, low energy, resource-efficient workplace with minimal impact on the environment.The design of the building and their motive to make this building the most sustainable they used wide range of materials which were new, recycled or re-used in the construction of the 60L. The original building was not demolished but was partially taken apart so that existing resources could be re-used. The bricks, timber glazed partition and the old building structure was re-used. The concrete poured was 60% recycled aggregate, in this situation crushed concrete reclaimed from other buildings. Timber windows and door frames were fabricated from recycled materials, as are the other items such as reinforcing steel and carpet. Most glues, adhesives, sealants and fillers frequently used in building giving off vastly toxic gases. Used of these was minimised wherever feasible. This building is using 50% less PVC than a typical commercial building of the same size and use. Where they used new material they where advised to use renewable materials such as timber, steel, bricks and copper. They used appropriate technology, rather than leading edge technology.In 60L case, it has changed the way water consumption in commercial building use to move on and they take a further step in being more environmentally friendly. They minimised the demand for water by providing water efficient fixtures fittings, including water-less urinals and low spring volume toilets pans. They collected rainwater to replace 100% of normal mains water consumption whenever possible. They installed 100% on site treatment and re-use of grey- water and black-water stream to advance reclaimed water for flushing toilets pans and irrigating the roof garden and landscape. Rainfall from the roof is harvested, and then transferred into the holding tanks by the use of a Syfonic system, which uses gravity to produce a draw effect, which means water transfer is quicker and pipe diameter can be significantly reduced. 5Finally, through research and understand of this essay I think sustainability and environmental friendly building is not impossible with this economic condition but its a long term program because sustainability and consideration of the environment has come on top of our agenda for past 10 to 15 years while there was major damage down in the past. There is a solution to the problem but this can take lot of time.We are all observers and assistants to the frequent degradation of our local and world-wide environment. Issues such as deforestation, global warming, waste and rising sea levels are all indication to the fact. The management of sustainable construction must integrate the four dimensions cost, time, quality and the environment. Each of which has local, national, internationalist and global implications. In order to do this communication is required between personal, projects and companies to ensure that lesson learned and the information gathered is passed in and used to address the issue of sustainability. Sustainability is every persons responsibility and as engineers we have the fundamental role of ensuring projects are intertwined with the reality of sustainability. In doing so we enable the sustainability agenda to be brought to the forefront of the design and delivery of all infrastructure projects in which we are involved. This need s to be from conception to implementation as the future(a) of our planet depends on addressing the current issues, ensuring that sustainable agenda is approached and that in all areas it is implemented.The construction industry is traditionally and by its very nature a high usage celestial sphere of resources. As an engineer the first introduction to the concept of sustainability was during civil engineering design. As a concept sustainability was easy to define but when it came to the actual industriousness to the project it became more difficult. In achieving sustainable infrastructure we have the chance to use lessons learned over time from innovative high profile sustainable construction projects and to implement new and improved systems of construction to schemes in which we are involved.In the long term everyone is aware that adopting a more mature and quick approach to the sustainability agenda is really the only sensible option. I do believe that it is essential that civ il engineers address this issue from now and in the future to make our society, economy and environment better and stronger. We are the designers and constructors of the future infrastructure and as such have a greater responsibility to the population and indeed the environment.